1) All species concepts, at least in animals and plants, to some degree rely upon

1. 1) All species concepts, at least in animals and plants, to some degree rely upon • A) genetic barriers such as polyploidy • B) morphologically distinguishable taxa • C) minimal gene flow across taxa • D) ecological differentiation • E) cryptic species

2. 2) Speciation requires • A) divergence • B) allopatry • C) gene flow • D) vicariance • E) hybrid sterility

3. 3) Discrete ecological resources favor • A) a single generalist species • B) divergent specialist species • C) assortative mating by ecological resource type • D) disruptive selection • E) all of the above except A

4. 4) Haldane’s rule • A) implies polyploidy • B) implies an interaction between autosomes and sex chromosomes • C) applies 100% of the time in all animal groups • D) is the observation that the heterogametic sex is the one more likely to be fertile in interspecific crosses • E) does not apply to birds

5. 5) reinforcement • A) is the idea that selection favors assortative mating because of the low fitness of hybrid matings • B) implies that ecological and genetic divergence occurs after divergence in mating displays and behaviors • C) can only take place in allopatric species pairs • D) promotes divergence in ecology • E) all of the above