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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. The Process of Science: Studying Animal Behavior. Concept 3.1. Biologists study through observations and experiments Key Terms Animal Behavior Immediate Cause Ultimate Cause. Asking Questions about Animal Behavior. Why do whales make “bubble nets”?.

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 The Process of Science: Studying Animal Behavior

  2. Concept 3.1 • Biologists study through observations and experiments • Key Terms • Animal Behavior • Immediate Cause • Ultimate Cause

  3. Asking Questions about Animal Behavior • Why do whales make “bubble nets”?

  4. Observing Behavior in Natural Environments • Jane Goodall observed chimpanzees in their natural habitat

  5. Designing Experiments on Animal Behavior • Niko Tinbergen • Digger Wasp

  6. Immediate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior • Immediate Cause • Immediate interactions with the environment • Explains “How?” • Ultimate Cause • Explanations based on evolutionary characteristics • Explains “Why?”

  7. Concept 3.2 • Experiments show that both genes and environment affect behavior. • Key Terms • Innate behavior • Fixed action pattern • Circadian rhythm

  8. Nature vs. Nurture • Behavior is due to genes (NATURE) or environment (NURTURE)

  9. Innate Behaviors • Behavior performed correctly by all individuals of a species, even if they have no prior experience. • Nest Building • Web Weaving • Suckling

  10. Fixed Action Pattern • Greylag Goose • Egg Rolling • Yawning

  11. Rhythms of Behavior • Circadian Rhythm • Biological clocks • Jet Lag • Migration

  12. Concept 3.3 • Learning is behavior based on experience. • Key Terms • Learning • Habituation • Imprinting • Conditioning • Insight

  13. Learning vs. Habituation • Learning • Change in animals behavior resulting from experience • Habituation • Animals learn NOT to respond to stimulus • Hydra to touch • Humans – ticking clocks, jewelry, etc • Scarecrows

  14. Benefits to Habituation? • Animals do not waste time or energy on less important stimuli and instead focus on food, mates, or real danger

  15. Imprinting • Limited to a specific time frame • Critical learning period • Often results in a strong bond between 2 organisms • Konrad Lorenz

  16. Conditioning • Learning that a specific stimulus/response is linked to a reward/punishment • Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning

  17. Classical Conditioning • Otherwise associated with meaningless behavior • Pavlov’s Dogs

  18. Operant Conditioning • Trial-and-Error Learning • Animals learn that their behavior have a positive or negative effect

  19. Insight • Animals are able to respond to a new situation WITHOUT previous experience • Ability to analyze problems and test solutions • Octopus + Jar • Chimp + Boxes & Banana

  20. Play Behavior • Practice Hypothesis • Animals practice behaviors that are required for survival • Exercise Hypothesis • Play helps keep the animal’s cardiovascular and muscular systems in top condition

  21. Concept 3.4 • Social behaviors are important adaptations in many species. • Key Terms • Aggressive behavior • Dominance heirarchy • Territory • Courtship ritual • Communication • Cooperation

  22. Competitive Behaviors • Animals sometimes live in social groups that compete for food, space, and mates • Aggressive Behavior • Dominance Hierarchies • Territorial Behavior

  23. Aggressive Behavior • Actual physical struggles • Tests of strength (or the more determined) • In most cases one individual stops threatening and submits to the other

  24. Dominance Hierarchies • Ranking from the most aggressive to least aggressive animal in the group • Each animal has a specific location on the pecking order – that way they don’t waste energy fighting and instead have specific jobs based on their role in the group

  25. Territorial Behavior • Animals establish specific territories for themselves and protect it from other members of the same species • Fighting • Scents • Sounds • Territories are used for breeding sites, places to raise young, as well as access to the best food sites

  26. Courtship Behavior • Elaborate rituals before mating to attract the “best” mate

  27. Communication • Different animals use a variety of ways to communicate within their species • Sounds • Odors • Visual displays • Touching

  28. Cooperation • Individuals work together in a way that is most beneficial to the group • Packs of Wolves • Musk Oxen

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