Feed Management Issues and Practices

1. Feed Management Issues and Practices CNMP Core Curriculum Feed Management Robert Spajić, PhD University of J.J. Strossmayer Osijek - Croatia, Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Animal Husbandry

2. Objectives • Review the digestion process and excretion of N, P, Zn and Cu • Become familiar with how the nutrient requirements of swine and poultry vary • Understand the issues related to feed management with swine and poultry • Provide you with strategies to encourage producers on reducing nutrient excretion

3. Managed Outputs Feed Meat/Milk/ Eggs Animals Irrigation Crops Water Fertilizer Manure Farm Legume N Boundary Nutrient Imbalance (inputs - outputs) Whole Farm Nutrient Balance Gas Emissions Inputs Crops

4. Stage of growth • Lower protein contents in diets as pigs and poultry mature • Lower P content for animals later in growth • More P in diets for replacement animals • More fiber (soy hulls; wheat mid; sugar beet pulp) in gestation diets • Increased energy (corn) in lactation diets • Increased Ca content for layer diets • Milk and by-products in weaning pig diets

5. Nitrogen input and output • Consumption, utilization and loses of protein in the • production of a slaughter pig with final weight of 108kg IPPC Document: Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs – EUROPEAN COMMISSION

6. Overfeeding Nitrogen • Difficult to balance amino acids in diets with typical feed ingredients • Variation in available amino acid content of feeds • Genetic potential of pigs vary • Environmental stress (heat or cold temperatures) can affect nitrogen utilization • Sufficient available energy is needed for efficient N utilization

7. Strategies for Swine • Improving N management • Synthetic amino acids • Phase feeding • Split-sex feeding • Improving P management • Phytase; available P • Phase feeding • Split-sex feeding

8. Nutrient Digested Nutrient Consumed (NPK, etc) Nutrient Absorbed Nutrient Excreted (NPK) Nutrient Retained in meat, milk and eggs

9. Dietary Effects on N Excretion* * Based upon 90 kg pig

10. Feeding types and by-products • Dry feeding systems • Liquid feeding system • By – products feeding systems - cheese whey - brewery yeast - old bread - old cookies

11. Nitrogen Manipulation • For 1% reduction in CP and AA addition, reduce total N and ammonia excretion by 8% - 10% • Practical experience has shown must adjust AA levels for sexes and different genetic lines

12. Fiber Effects on Nitrogen • Fiber addition -- shift in N excretion pattern from urinary N to fecal N • Fiber and low CP/syn. AA diet reduced slurry pH, N excretion and NH3 emissions • Examples: Dietary soybean hull; sugar beet pulp; wheat midds

13. Phase Feeding Impacts • Reduce excessive nutrient excretion • Reduce feed costs • Reduce land application area and odor potential • Increase nutrient efficiencies for production

14. Phase-feeding diets are also cheaper, but the extra hassle may outweigh the benefits Diet cost obtained using least-cost feed formulation for a varying number of phases in the feeding program.

15. Tracking N in Broilers 18.3% 30.6% 51.1%

16. The dietary P issue • Because pigs and poultry can not digest a major portion of the P (phytic P) in typical feed grains, supplemental P is added to the ration. • As a result, total P is fed in excess of animal need and excess P is excreted in manure.

17. Nutrition Approach • Feed pigs only the P that they need. • Reduce over feeding of P • Formulate the diet on an “available P” basis vs. “total P” basis • Phase feeding for P as well as N • Manipulate dietary P concentrations to reduce total P excretion while maintaining productivity. • Supplement pig diets with phytase to help animals break down phytic P • If available, feed high available P (HAP) corn or soybean to replace conventional corn.

18. Dietary Effects on P Excretion* * Based upon 90 kg pig

19. Phosphorus Strategies • Phytase studies showed reduction of P from 25 to 54% • Phytase increased the availability of N, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ca • HAP corn has been shown to reduce P excretion by 25 to 37%

20. Combination of Technologies • Comparing a control diet to a reduced crude protein diet with 5% soy hulls (fiber), HAP corn, phytase and low sulfur minerals resulted in: • Growth and carcass qualities were the same • Reduced ammonium and total N in manure by 28-31% • Reduced P in the manure by 54% • Reduced ammonia emissions by 50% • Reduced hydrogen sulfide emission by 48%

21. Strategies for Poultry • Nitrogen management • Amino acids • Phase feeding • Phosphorus management • Available P • Phytase and Vitamin D • Phase feeding

22. Tracking P in Broilers 44.8% 55.2%

23. Feed Waste: An Expensive Lossof Nutrients • Presuming 5% feed waste on average: • Responsible for 7.5% of N in manure. • Similar contribution for copper, zinc, and P • 35% of carbohydrates • Major source of odor

24. Emissions of heavy metals • Metals that have density larger than 5g/cm3 • Elements that belong to this group Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd Hg, Pb • Become toxic for microoranisms, animal and plants • On the other hand, shortage of this elements can lead to deficiences

25. Sources of heavy metals • Indigenous sources, e.g. The weathering of rock • Atmospheric deposition • Manure application, pesticides and irrigation • Artificial fertilizer • Secondary material, such as waste water sludge, compost • Crumbling away of riverbanks • Feed import • Feed aditives and animal medication

26. Sources of heavy metals • Quantification is difficult • Zn and Cu – reported as crucial in livestock production IPPC Document: Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs EUROPEAN COMMISSION

27. Manures and analysis on heavy metals • Concentratios of heavy metals will vary based on analysis, sampling, pH • Zn and Cu - as the most visible ones – (presently focus on Zn) IPPC Document: Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs EUROPEAN COMMISSION

28. Reduction of use of heavy metals • Present (150 – 200) ppm of Zn in compound feed • Feed to piglets only in transition periods (when moving animals from site to site, after finishing each period of raising) • Application of manure based on max. 170 kg of N/ha • Usage of Zn from other sources or forms - Organic Zn - Tetra basic zinc chloride - Encapsulated zinc - Nano zinc - High porosity ZnO

29. Zn requirements and real usage Source: www.stočarstvo.com

30. Zn and Cu in Swine Manures by category • The biggest concentration – excreted in weaners facilities Source: Harrald Menzi, Institute for Environmental protection and Agriculture, Berne

31. Crop uptake of heavy metals Source: Harrald Menzi, Institute for Environmental protection and Agriculture, Berne

32. Future steps on heavy metals • With better equipment for precision manure application through the decades, the Zn and Cu level applied through the manure are reduced • Heavy metals contents vary considerably between manures from different animal types • Highest values - weaners and sows with piglets/weaners • Feed content - major importance for the heavy metals (control of the feed diets to the weaners in every faze) • Do not just listen about the heavy metals – „TRY TO PLAY IT”

33. Good Agricultural Practises with manure applicatons - GAP • Corn field 200 ha – manure application with injection equipment • Yields comparison – swine manure VS artificiall fertilizer • Correct manure application quantities (170kg of N per ha) 7,03 6,60 6,27 5,20 field 1 field 2 field 3 field 4 Field trials – Agrokor Company 2012

34. Conclusions • Manure is not a poison • It is possible to replace all the requirements for artificial fertilizer • With adequate equipment – possibilities to control all the processes • Calculation of the parameters after analysis • Feed management – one of the key drivers • Livestock production with low heavy metals concentration is possible

35. Questions ???