Common switching error types: • Energizing when still grounded. • Closing grounding switch when energized. • De-energizing using disconnects instead of breakers. • Load dropping using disconnects instead of breakers. • Entering energized switching bays. • Correct switching sequence is the key.

Preventative Measures: • Process/Regulation： • Strict regulation and process control in all aspects of electric utility operations: design, construction, operation, personnel training and certification. • Switching order is the center piece that safeguards safe switching • Technology： • Locks and interlocking devices – mechanical/electromagnetic/electrical/programmed. • Rule/topology based automated switching order generation.

Conventional locks and interlocks • They work to certain extent but have limitations • Lack of comprehensiveness • Lack of flexibility and scalability • Constrained by complexity • Lack of coordination between multiple switching within same station ………

Preventative measure attributes Reliable Flexible and scalable Comprehensive solution to all the 5 common types of switching errors. Capable of verifying switching steps before switching. Ensures that correct switching steps are followed during switching. Easy to use and simple to install.

Smart Interlock System (SIS) • Developed by Unitech in 1987 (Mr. Jin Shuqiang) • Rule/logic and configuration/topology based solution. • Programmable to suit any voltage levels and station sizes. • Have developed vast rules base and data base capable to accurately model complex real world situations. • One smart key for one station • Simulate switching to prevent switching errors. • Enhanced by the latest computing and communication technologies

Smart Interlock System (SIS) SCADA Workstation/Software Smart Key Locks

Smart interlock System (SIS) Process Switching Order Open Lock • Simulate switching step on the workstation. • Switching order generation. • Transferring steps to smart key. • Perform switching steps. • Return smart key to workstation with status updates.

Logic/Rules/Configuration Databases • Collect and model switching interlock logic and rules • Collect and model single line diagram of station/system • Logic/rules for each bay as well as inter-bay dependency in a station. Status Database Logic Database

Software/Model Interaction • Two databases are stored in a workstation. • The software works with models to display user interface. Status Database Logic Database Work station Human Interface

Smart Key – Only Need One for Each Station • Works with both electronic and mechanical locks • Capable of multiple wireless communication protocols • IrDA • Zigbee • CDMA/GPRS • Programmable RFID locks. • Voice reminder/recorder • Ambient temperature -40℃ to 80℃

Locks Embedded with RFID technology Programmed to work with the smart key

SISOperation Cycle - Simulation Simulation Transfer Switching Completion Allowed? Logic Database Status Database

SISOperation Cycle - Transfer Simulation Transfer Switching Completion

SISOperation Cycle - Switching Simulation Transfer Switching Completion

SISOperation Cycle - Completion Simulation Transfer Switching Completion

Example: Energize the Line Bus Disconnect #1 Breaker Disconnect #2

STEP 1: Pre-switching Simulation Switching sequence Bus Disconnect #1 1.Close Disconnect #1 2.Close Disconnect #2 3.Close Breaker Breaker Error Disconnect #2

STEP 2: Transfer Switching Instructions to Smart Key Bus Disconnect #1 Breaker 1.Close Disconnect #1 2.Close Disconnect #2 3.Close Breaker Disconnect #2

STEP 3: Perform Switching Bus Disconnect #1 Breaker Disconnect #2 1.Close Disconnect #1 2.Close Disconnect #2 3.Close Breaker

STEP 4: Switching complete-Steps saved Bus Disconnect #1 Breaker Disconnect #2

Performing switching The unique programmed electronic ID in each RFID equipped locks ensures that only the corresponding smart key can open it. This virtually eliminates opening/closing the wrong disconnects or breakers.

SIS Benefits: Switching Order Switching Order Switching Simulation Verification Switching Simulation before switching identifies and eliminates potential errors SIS Conventional Approach

SIS Benefits: Multi-switching bay switching coordination Based on safe switching logic/rules 111-2 h: 111=0,111-1d=0,111-2d=0,111-1w=0,111-7=0,111-3=1! 111-2 l: 111=0,111-1d=0,111-2d=0,111-1w=0,111-7=0,111-3=1! 111-3 h: 111=0,111-1d=0,111-2d=0,111-1w=0,3-7=0,111-2=0! 111-3 l: 111=0,111-1d=0,111-2d=0,111-1w=0,3-7=0,111-2=0!

SIS Benefits: One key per station: easy to program and upgrade. Many keys Smart Key

SIS Benefits: Standardized locks. Easy to manage and to maintain

SIS Benefits: Reliable, flexible, easy to use. For stations of any voltage levels and bus types and setups.

30+ years of SISdevelopment and application Mr Jin Shuqiang pioneered the SIS technology in 1987. Since then, Unitech Zhuhai and other companies in China continue to research and innovate in the area of safe switching technology. 2010 1999 1987

SISDeployment in China Over 22,00 sites with SISin 2005

SISDeployment in China (cont.) The number of switching error related incidents dropped significantly

Interlocking Applications

Three Gorge Project

Shanghai World Expo 500 kV Substation

1000kVSubstation

Conclusion • Smart Interlocking System (SIS) is proven reliable technology that prevents switching errors. • SIS has significantly reduced accidents and losses related caused by human errors in China. • We look forward to deploying SIS technology to customers in the United States and other parts of world.

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