1 / 68

England (15 th Century)

England (15 th Century). Began taking territories in North America (13 colonies) Trade routes in India. Netherlands (15 th Century). Union of Utrecht (1579) Taking land in North America (New Netherlands/New York) South Africa. The World: 1400 to 1600. Monarchies. Absolute Monarchy

ehren
Download Presentation

England (15 th Century)

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. England (15th Century) • Began taking territories in North America (13 colonies) • Trade routes in India

  2. Netherlands (15th Century) • Union of Utrecht (1579) • Taking land in North America (New Netherlands/New York) • South Africa

  3. The World: 1400 to 1600

  4. Monarchies • Absolute Monarchy • Spain and France • Consolidation of all power in the king • “Divine Right of Kings” • Constitutionalism • England and The Netherlands • Placed limits on the monarchy

  5. Ottoman Empire (1453-1918) • Conquered Byzantine Empire in 1453 • Suleiman the Great • Millet: non Muslim communities • Devshirme: system of conscripting Christian boys, raising them as Muslims, and using them as soldiers • Janissaries • Sinan • Beys- provincial governors • Vizier:Chief minister of an area

  6. Ottoman Empire

  7. Safavid Empire • Rulers of Persia • Abbas I • Ottoman-Safavid Conflicts

  8. Mughal Empire (1483-1857) • Descended from Mongols from Turkestan • Brought Persian influence to India • Babur: leader of Mughals, descendant of Ghengis Khan • Shah Akbar: conquered more • Shah Jahan: built TajMahal • f

  9. Japan (1467) • Tokugawa Shogunate • Feudal System: • Daimyos: feudal house • Samurai: warriors working for daimyos • Forty Seven Samurai Revolt • 1616: Japan and West- • Killed all Christian missionaries • Expelled all westerners after 1638

  10. Russian Empire • 1480: Last Mongol Ruler expelled from Russia • Ivan III: kicked out all Mongols and united Russian Kingdoms (1440-1505) • Ivan IV: continued policy of expansion (1547-1584) • Killed many boyars (nobles) • Ivan the Terrible • Both Emperors began to establish trade with European states • Kremlin (Russian Church): built by Italian artists • Cossacks: nomadic descendants of peasants who ran away from feudalism

  11. Peter the Great • 1672-1725 • Son of Michael Romanov, took crown after Ivan IV • Attempt to bring Russia into being a modern European state • St. Petersburg: “Window to the West” • Westernization

  12. The World by 1750

  13. Industrial Revolution Everything will change….

  14. Description of Industrial Revolution • Steam Engine (1702) by Thomas Newcomen, perfected by James Watt (1763) • The Rocket: locomotive engine • Textile Industry: (1733) fly shuttle: machine able to weave thread together • Water Frame: water power spinning mill • Power Loom, Cotton Gin: helped fuel factories • Factory System: Manufacturing done in large buildings for one particular product

  15. Why it started in England: • Lots and lots of rivers and streams • Lots of coal • Political stability from 1750 to 1900 • Markets in their colonies

  16. Railroads: revolution of travel

  17. Trains!

  18. Second Industrial Revolution • 1870: also in Britain • Expansion of Railroads • Germany and United States overtake Britain as industrial leaders (esp. Germany)

  19. Industrialization and Globalism • Increasing Industrialization created a demand for more raw materials • Inequity in wealth between nations with industry and those nations supplying the raw materials • Banana Republics: countries exploited by industrialized countries for single agricultural crop • Mercantilism: inspired Capitalism • Adam Smith: “Wealth of Nations” • Colonies supply raw materials and a source of taxes

  20. British Empire • India: American Civil War disrupted cotton trade, prompting a new source • South Africa: Discovery of diamonds and gold by Cecil Rhodes in 1866 and 1867 • 90% of diamonds in world mined in South Africa within 10 years • f

  21. Developments in Transportation • Suez Canal: built in Egypt to allow trade from Mediterranean to Indian Ocean (1859-69) • Panama Canal: built in South America for a Atlantic to Pacific passage (1904-14)

  22. Global Trade • Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Company (1865) • 1842: Hong Kong becomes a colony of Britain • Issued its own money backed by Great Britain • Made loans to China and Japan • United Fruit Company • 1871: Minor Keith given contract to build a railroad across Costa Rica • Planted banana trees on both sides • 1899: largest banana company in world • Fleet of steamships, 100 miles of railroad, plantations all across Caribbean

  23. 1860’s: Other Nations Industrialize • Japan vs. Russia

  24. Russia: • Tsar Alexander II: 1861 freed the serfs to own land • BUT, could not buy as individuals, still bound to the land • Local councils regulated roads and made local decisions instead of aristocrats • BUT, had no say in national politics • Tsar Alexander III: opposed to any economic reforms • Completed Industrialization • Trans-Siberian Railroad: across Russia

  25. Japan • Did not want to become a Banana Republic • Meiji Reforms: Japanese attempts to industrialize and Westernize enough to keep out West • Taxed farmers to help pay for reforms • Promote industries: shipbuilding, chemicals, weaponry • Farmers who lost land came to cities to be a cheap labor source • 1900: Japan most industrialized nation in Asia

  26. Consequences of Industrialization • Changes in class structure • Upper-middle class: industrial business families • Working class: those who worked in factories (80% of population • Majority of population moves to cities • Manchester, England: 1772-25,000; 1851-455,000 • Disrupted Gender Roles • More stable context • Women given more autonomy in home • d

  27. Revolutions!

  28. Revolutions • United States • Latin America • France • Haiti • China • Germany • Italy

  29. Enlightenment • John Locke (1632-1704): “Two Treatises of Government” • Natural Rights: all humans born with certain rights; Life, Liberty, Property • If governments do not respect people’s rights, governments lose legitimacy • Voltaire • Attacked religion as superstition • Government only thing in life people should control • Promoted rational thought • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Education should be left to nature • Baron De Montesquieu • “Spirit of the Laws” • Dissected various kinds of gov’t • Checks and Balances • Separation of Powers

  30. United States Revolution(1776-1789) • 13 British Colonies in North America • Seven Years War • Costly war against French Canada • Attempt to tax colonists to pay for war • Declaration of Independence • Thomas Jefferson • Influenced by John Locke • Social Contract, need for separation • Articles of Confederation • Attempt to unify government into one government to fight the British but still maintain autonomy of states • Constitution of 1789 • Constitution of USA • Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances • Bill of Rights: list of guaranteed rights under the Constitution

  31. French Revolution(1789-1814) • French crown broke • Attempt to reform tax structure • Estates-General • 1st Estate: clergy, 2nd Estate: nobles, 3rd Estate: commoners • “What is the 3rd Estate?” Abbe Seiyes, 3rd Estate is France and deserves all power • National Assembly: 3rd Estate form themselves as National Legislature • Storming of Bastille: official beginning of French Revolution • Declaration of the Rights of Man: list of goals for new constitution

  32. Haitian Revolution(1791-1804) • Francois Dominique Toussaint: leader of slave revolt • Maroons: escaped slaves • January 1, 1804: Haiti becomes independent

  33. Revolutions in Latin America • Gran Colombia (1821): Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama • 1821: gains independence from Spain • Simon Bolivar: First President • 1826: regional revolts • 1830: Gran Colombia breaks up • Mexico (1810) • Miguel Hidalgo: rebellion against Spanish, also fought against white leaders of Mexico (creoles) • Augusto Iturbide: Creole general fought Spanish and declared himself Emperor of Mexico (Augustus I) • Benito Juarez (1857): President of Mexico- tried to limit the power of the Catholic Church • Confiscated Church lands • Tried to give more rights to the native people of Mexico • Brazil • French invasion of Portugal (1807), (Napoleon) • Royal family flees to Brazil • Son of royal family returns at end of Napoleonic Wars

  34. China • Taiping Rebellion (1840’s) • Hong Xiuquan: failed Civil Service Exams twice • Formed new Christian sect, God Worshipers • Overthrow of Qing Dynasty would bring Kingdom of Heaven • 1850: attack by Chinese was repulsed • 1851: Kingdom of Heavenly Peace founded, China in era of Taiping, Peace • 1864: Hong committed suicide • Self Strengthening Movement • Response to Opium Wars • Attempts to Westernize • Failure: could not see importance of western political structures, US and British encroaching continuing to weaken China • Boxer Rebellion (1900) • Society of Harmonious Fists • Shadow Boxing: made them impervious to bullets • Attacked embassies in Beijing • Eight Power Allied Forces: Britain, Germany, Japan, Russia, and US; invaded Beijing and put down rebellion • Open Door Policy: allow all nations access to Chinese markets

  35. Age of Isms

  36. Imperialism • British in India: • East India Tea Company: established trading posts in Bombay, Madras, Calcutta • Slowly extended rule further into India • 1757: defeated ruler of Bengal • 1765: acquired right to collect taxes for Mughal Emperors • 1850s: Britain had established de-facto rule over most of India • 1857: Sepoy Mutiny- 90,000 British trained Indian soldiers (Hindu and Muslim) fought against British rule • Sepoys lose: final end for Mughal Empire, 1858, British Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India

  37. Imperialism • British in Egypt: • Muhammad Ali: pasha of Egypt under Ottomans • 1881: British occupy Egypt to ensure access to Suez Canal

  38. Opium Wars • Chinese had a trade imbalance on Western products (China didn’t want Western products, but the West wanted Chinese) • Opium only product China wanted, illegal for Europeans to trade • British smuggle Opium from India • 1839: Chinese burn British storehouses in Canton to stop smuggling Opium • 1842: British declare war on China • Treaty of Nanjing: forced China to open ports and gave Hong Kong to Britain • 1856: Second Opium War • Opened new ports in China and allowed foreigners to travel in China without a passport

  39. Scramble for Africa • Congo (central Africa)- conquered by Belgium (Belgian Congo) • South Africa: British and Dutch • West Africa: France • Berlin West Africa Conference: (1884-85)- any European country could found a colony in an “unclaimed” territory as long as it let other nations know its intentions

  40. The World By 1900

  41. French In Asia • Vietnam: to protect Christian missionaries, French occupy Saigon • 1887: French Indochina- Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

  42. United States and Imperialism • Louisiana Purchase • Treaty of Hidalgo: (1848) Bought from Mexico Texas, California, New Mexico through war (Mexican American War • Manifest Destiny: US right to own all of North America, white people need to control North America • 1867: bought Alaska from Russia • 1893: overthrew Hawaiian queen Lili’uokalani • US annexed islands in 1898 • Spanish American War: (1899) • US takes Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam

  43. Japan Imperialism • 1879: Japan expands to other islands • 1894: Sino-Japanese War (like Opium War) Japan beats China • Takes control of Korea • 1804: Russo-Japanese Wars: Japan defeats Russians (first time non-white power defeats a white power)

  44. Russian Imperialism • 1877-1878: Russo-Turkish Wars • Russians fight with Ottoman Empire for domination of Balkan areas • Montenegro, Serbia, Romania gain independence • Pan-Slavic movement: unite Slavic people under control from Ottomans and Austro-Hungarian Empire

  45. Nationalism

  46. Italian Unification • Camillo Benso di Cavour: Chief minister of Kingdom of Sardinia • Made kingdom of Sardinia more powerful in order to take rest of Italy • Giuseppe Garibaldi: revolutionary fighting for a stronger Italy • 1870: Italy unified, Rome is its capital

  47. German Unification • Otto Von Bismarck: Chief minister of Prussia • Formed Northern Confederation of northern German states • 1870: Southern states join with Northern Confederation

  48. 1914-1918: World War 1 • Machine Guns • Trench Warfare

  49. 1919: Russian Revolution • Russian Empire is overthrown: Soviet Union replaces it • Communist Government • Vladimir Lenin: Revolutionary Leader of Bolsheviks • Josef Stalin: succeeds Lenin as leader of Soviet Union • d

More Related