Principles of Information Systems Eighth Edition

1. Principles of Information SystemsEighth Edition Chapter 3 Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices

2. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 2 Why Learn About Hardware? Can improve productivity, increase revenue, reduce costs, and provide better service Managers are expected to know about hardware To help define business needs To ask questions and evaluate options when buying equipment

3. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 3 Introduction Hardware: any machinery (most of which use digital circuits) that assists in the input, processing, storage, and output activities of an information system When making hardware decisions, businesses must consider how the hardware can support: Objectives of the information system Goals of the organization

4. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 4 Computer Systems: Integrating The Power of Technology Choosing the right computer hardware requires understanding its relationship to the information system and needs of the organization Hardware objectives are subordinate to, but supportive of, the information system and the current and future needs of the organization

5. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 5 Hardware Components Central processing unit (CPU) Input devices Output devices Communications devices Storage devices: Primary storage devices Secondary storage devices

6. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 6 Hardware Components (continued)

7. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 7 Hardware Components in Action Step 1: Fetch instruction Step 2: Decode instruction Step 3: Execute instruction Step 4: Store results

8. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 8 Hardware Components in Action (continued)

9. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 9 Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed, and Capacity System unit Houses the components responsible for processing (the CPU and memory) All other computer system devices are linked either directly or indirectly into the system unit housing

10. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 10 Processing Characteristics and Functions Machine cycle time is measured in: Nanoseconds (1 billionth of a second) Picoseconds (1 trillionth of a second) MIPS (millions of instructions per second)

11. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 11 Processing Characteristics and Functions (continued) Clock speed: series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time Often measured in: Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second Microcode: predefined, elementary circuits and logical operations that the processor performs when it executes an instruction

12. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 12 Physical Characteristics of the CPU: Moore’s Law: transistor density of chips will double every 18 months

13. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 13 Memory Characteristics and Functions Main memory Located physically close to the CPU, but not on the CPU chip itself Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU

14. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 14 Storage Capacity

15. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 15 Types of Memory Random access memory (RAM) Temporary and volatile Types of RAM EDO (Extended Data Out) DRAM (Dynamic RAM) SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

16. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 16 Types of Memory (continued) Types of nonvolatile memory ROM (read-only memory) PROM (programmable read-only memory) EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) Cache memory: high-speed memory that a processor can access more rapidly than main memory

17. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 17 Types of Memory (continued)

18. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 18 Types of Memory (continued)

19. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 19 Multiprocessing Multiprocessing: simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time Multiprocessing using coprocessors Coprocessor: speeds processing by executing specific types of instructions while the CPU works on another processing activity

20. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 20 Parallel Computing Parallel computing: simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtain results faster Massively parallel processing: Speeds processing by linking hundreds or thousands of processors to operate at the same time, or in parallel Each processor has its own bus, memory, disks, copy of the operating system, and applications

21. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 21 Parallel Computing (continued) Different approaches to achieving parallel computing Single instruction/multiple data (SIMD) parallel processors Multiple instruction/multiple data (MIMD) parallel processors Grid computing: use of a collection of computers, often owned by multiple individuals or organizations, to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem

22. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 22 Secondary Storage Compared with memory, offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy Access methods, storage capacities, and portability required are determined by the information system’s objectives

23. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 23 Access Methods Sequential access: records must be retrieved in order Devices used are called sequential access storage devices (SASDs) Direct access: records can be retrieved in any order Devices used are called direct access storage devices (DASDs)

24. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 24 Devices Magnetic tapes Magnetic disks RAID (Redundant Array of Independent/Inexpensive Disks) Virtual tape Optical disks

25. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 25 Devices (continued) Digital video disk (DVD) Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) Memory cards Flash memory

26. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 26 Enterprise Storage Options Attached storage Network-attached storage (NAS) Storage area network (SAN)

27. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 27 Enterprise Storage Options (continued)

28. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 28 Input and Output Devices: The Gateway to Computer Systems Through input and output devices, people provide data and instructions to the computer and receive results from it Selection of input and output devices depends on organizational goals and IS objectives

29. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 29 Characteristics and Functionality Data can be human-readable or machine-readable Data entry: converts human-readable data into machine-readable form Data input: transfers machine-readable data into system Source data automation: capturing and editing data where the data is initially created and in a form that can be directly input to a computer

30. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 30 Input Devices Personal computer input devices Keyboard Mouse Microphone QuickCam Speech-recognition technology Digital cameras Terminals

31. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 31 Input Devices (continued) Scanning devices Optical data readers Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices Magnetic stripe card Point-of-sale (POS) devices

32. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 32 Input Devices (continued) Automated teller machine (ATM) devices Pen input devices Touch-sensitive screens Bar-code scanners Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

33. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 33 Output Devices Display monitors Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) Printers and plotters Digital audio player

34. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 34 Special-Purpose Input and Output Devices Computer-based navigation systems Multiple function printers Eyebud screens

35. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 35 Computer System Types, Selection, and Upgrading Special-purpose computers: used for limited applications by military and scientific research groups General-purpose computers: used for a wide variety of applications

36. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 36 Computer System Types Handheld computers Portable computers Thin client (low-cost, centrally managed computer with essential but limited capabilities and no extra drives, CD or DVD drives, or expansion slots) Desktop computers

37. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 37 Computer System Types (continued) Workstations Servers Mainframe computers Supercomputers

38. Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition 38 Selecting and Upgrading Computer Systems Dispose of old equipment properly Consider factors such as speed, cost, and performance when upgrading Hard drive Main memory Printer DVD burners