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Chapter-3. Gathering to Growing. Leading Factors. Pre-History and Hisory. Pre-History is the period of History before the invention of ‘writing’. Historic period begins with the invention of ‘Writing ’. Stages of Pre-history: Old Stone Age known as Palaeolithic Age
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Chapter-3 Gathering to Growing
Pre-History and Hisory • Pre-History is the period of History before the invention of ‘writing’. • Historic period begins with the invention of ‘Writing’. • Stages of Pre-history: • Old Stone Age known as Palaeolithic Age • New Stone Age known as Neolithic Age
Palaeolithic Age • Also called Old Stone Age • People lived as Nomads • Lived in small hunting and food gathering groups • Made simple tools and weapons out of stone, bone or wood
Developed a spoken language • Invented clothing • Used caves and rocky overhangs for shelter • Learned to build fires for: • warmth, cooking, light and ceremonies
Taming of Animals • Animals got attracted towards human settlements to feed on leftover food. • Wild dog was the first animal to be tamed. • Farmers opted to rear helpful and gentle animals such as goat and sheep • Animal acted as store house of food for them • Protected these animals from wild animals
Domestication and its type • Domestication refers to adaptation or intimate association with human beings. • Both plants and animals adapted themselves to suit human needs.
Benefits of Domestication • Need of settling at one place • Better use of domesticated animals • Better yield from plants and animals • Emergence of community/village living • It influenced the physical properties of domesticated plants and animals • Wild wheat and dog are entirely different from the domesticated ones.
Uses of grains • Used as food • Dependence on animals lessened • Used as seeds to grow for further crop • Used as gift
Served as a medium of exchange • Grains were stored to be used in future • Storing of grains resulted in: • Production of clay pots • Weaving of baskets from leaves and bark of trees • Digging pits in the ground
Animals and their Importance • Animal breed naturally • Provide milk and meat as food to herders • Give wool and hides that help people to protect them from cold weather • Oxen is used as beast o burden
Neolithic Sites in Kashmir • Traces of settled life discovered by Archaeologist • Burzahom pit houses with steps leading into them found • Traces of hearths both indoor and outdoor found • Pottery began in this age as proof of European pot; big pots were found
Neolithic Age Stone Tools • Charecteristics: • Most of the tools were polished • Had fine cutting edge, mortars and pestles used for grinding grains • Bone tools were used. • Stone tools had wooden handles.
Neolithic Pottery • Neolithic sites provides evidence of various types of pottery. • Earthen pots were made to store things. • Pots used to cook grains.
Mehrgarh • Located in fertile plains of Pakistan, near Bolan pass • Lies on the trade route to Iran • Regarded as one of the earliest villages in Indian sub-continent • It is belived that settlers of Mehrgarh were the first cultivators of barley, wheat and cotton. • They reared sheep and goats.
Mehrgarh: Excavation • Animal bones discovered from various levels of civilisation: • Earliest Level: • Deer • Pig • Later Level: • Sheep • Goat • Latest Level: • Cattles bones along with other animals
