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VERTEBRAL COLUMN, SPINAL CORD & NERVES, & SUBOCCIPITAL REGION Steven J. Zehren, Ph.D.

VERTEBRAL COLUMN, SPINAL CORD & NERVES, & SUBOCCIPITAL REGION Steven J. Zehren, Ph.D. VERTEBRAL COLUMN. GENERAL REMARKS. FULLY ARTICULATED VETEBRAL COLUMN. 7 Cervical. 12 Thoracic. 5 Lumbar. 5 Sacral (=sacrum). 3 - 4 Coccygeal (=Coccyx). 3 – 4 Coccygeal (=coccyx).

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VERTEBRAL COLUMN, SPINAL CORD & NERVES, & SUBOCCIPITAL REGION Steven J. Zehren, Ph.D.

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  1. VERTEBRAL COLUMN, SPINAL CORD & NERVES, & SUBOCCIPITAL REGION Steven J. Zehren, Ph.D.

  2. VERTEBRAL COLUMN

  3. GENERAL REMARKS

  4. FULLY ARTICULATED VETEBRAL COLUMN 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral (=sacrum) 3 - 4 Coccygeal (=Coccyx) 3 – 4 Coccygeal (=coccyx)

  5. JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL BODIES: INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

  6. FUNCTION OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS

  7. TYPICAL VERTEBRA

  8. TYPICAL VERTEBRA (pedicle + lamina) Vertebral foramen

  9. BOUNDARIES OF INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN Pedicle Pedicle

  10. JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL BODIES: POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT Posterior longitudinal lig.

  11. POSTEROLATERAL HERNIATION OF NUCLEUS PULPOSUS

  12. HERNIATION OF L4/L5 DISC

  13. CURVATURES

  14. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CURVATURES

  15. ABNORMAL CURVATURES NORMAL KYPHOSIS LORDOSIS

  16. ABNORMAL CURVATURES NORMAL SCOLIOSIS

  17. MOVEMENTS

  18. VERTEBRAL COLUMN PERMITS MOVEMENTS OF THE TRUNK AND PROVIDES A BASE ON WHICH THE HEAD CAN MOVE

  19. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES

  20. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

  21. VERTEBRAL ARTERY PASSES THROUGH FORAMINA TRANSVERSARIA OF CERVICAL VERTEBRAE Atlas Posterior atlantooccipital membrane Vertebral a.

  22. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE: ATLAS (C1) AND AXIS (C2) Ant. tubercle Facet for dens Ant. arch Lateral mass Transverse pr. Tubercle for transverse lig. Transverse foramen Post. arch Sup. facet for occipital condyle Post. tubercle Groove for vertebral a. ATLAS (C1): SUPERIOR VIEW Dens Post. facet for transverse lig. Sup. facet for atlas Body Interarticular part Transverse pr. Inf. articular pr. Spinous pr. AXIS (C2): POSTEROSUPERIOR VIEW

  23. THORACIC VERTEBRAE

  24. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE

  25. SACRUM AND COCCYX

  26. SACRUM AND COCCYX

  27. EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA

  28. SPINAL CORD & SPINAL NERVES

  29. GENERAL REMARKS

  30. CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS

  31. 1st cervical n. (C1) exits above C1 vertebra Base of skull Cervical enlargement (cord segments C4 – T1) 8th cervical n. exits below C7 vertebra Cervical nerves Thoracic nerves Lumbar nerves Sacral & coccygeal nerves Lumbosacral enlargement (cord segments L2 – S3) Conus medullaris (termination of cord) Cauda equina Internal filum terminale of pia mater Termination of dural sac

  32. STRUCTURE OF SPINAL CORD & SPINAL NERVES

  33. White matter Lateral horn (T1 – L2) Dorsal horn Central canal Ventral median fissure Ventral horn C5 T2 T8 L1 L2 S2 S3

  34. TYPICAL SPINAL NERVE ( T1 – L2) (sensory) (mixed) (mixed) (motor) (mixed)

  35. FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS

  36. CLASSIFICATION OF FIBER TYPES (FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS) IN CRANIAL* AND SPINAL NERVES General (wide distribution) From skin — pain, temp., touch From skeletal muscles & tendons, ligs. of joints -- proprioception Somatic (outer) Special (restricted distribution) From retina – sight From inner ear – hearing & equilibrium Afferent (sensory) From internal organs – visceral reflexes, fullness of hollow organs, pain General Visceral (inner) From taste buds – taste From olfactory mucosa -- smell Special To skeletal muscles not derived from pharyngeal arches General Somatic Efferent (motor) XXX – This category does not exist Special To smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & glands General Visceral To skeletal muscles derived from pharyngeal arches Special *Special components occur only in certain cranial nerves.

  37. Dorsal ramus Gray ramus (postsynaptic) Paravertebral ganglion (of sympathetic trunk) White ramus (presynaptic) Ventral ramus

  38. Prevertebral sympathetic ganglion

  39. Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) Dorsal ramus Ventral ramus

  40. FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF SPINAL NERVES (SUMMARY)

  41. MENINGES, CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) & LUMBAR PUNCTURE

  42. SPINAL MENINGES (POSTERIOR VIEW) Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Denticulate lig.

  43. SUBARACHNOID, SUBDURAL & EPIDURAL SPACES

  44. Post. internal vertebral venous plexus Intervertebral v. Ant. internal vertebral venous plexus

  45. INTERNAL VERTEBRAL VENOUS PLEXUS COMMUNICATES WITH THE DURAL SINUSES INSIDE THE CRANIUM Dural venous sinus Int. vertebral venous plexus

  46. SITE OF LUMBAR PUNCTURE L2 Lumbar cistern (containing CSF) S2

  47. SUBOCCIPITAL TRIANGLE

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