Industrialization & Imperialism

1. Industrialization & Imperialism The Making of the European Global Order Chap 24

2. The Dutch in Java • Java – most populous island of Indonesia • Initially pay tribute to ruler of Mataram • Take part in political rivalry • Intervene in succession wars • By 1750, dominate

3. The British In India • The Battle at Plassey won British control of Bengal • Presidencies • Capitals: Madras, Bombay, Calcutta • Rest of India indirectly ruled • Eventually, British moved inward from the capitals

4. Early Colonial Society in India & Java • At first, Asian societies left in place • Europeans dominant class at the top • Old ruling families left in charge of day-to-day administration, except at the highest levels • Males marry indigenous women • The Dutch & English forced to adapt to the host culture to survive the hot, tropical climate (dwelling structures, clothing, eating & work habits (work in early/late cooler hours)

5. Social Reform in the Colonies • British forced to take direct control • 1770s, famine in Bengal • British East India Company had become increasingly more corrupt • Became more accountable to British government • Indians excluded from administration • Evangelical religion • Social reform (education) • End to slave trade • End to sati sought • Railways & telegraph lines brought to India

6. Industrial Rivalries & the Partition of the World • Industrial change catapulted Europeans far ahead of all other peoples capacity to wage war • Though many peoples fought against conquest, Europeans eventually won out • Unequal Combat: machine gun • Railroads, steam ships

7. The Partition of Africa between 1870 and 1914

8. The Partition of Southeast Asia and the Pacific to 1914

9. Types of Colonization • "Tropical dependencies" • Africa, Asia, South Pacific • Minority Europeans rule majority indigenous peoples • Settler colonies • "White Dominions" • e.g. Canada, Australia • Inhabitants mostly Europeans and their descendants • Second type • e.g. Algeria, Kenya, Southern Rhodesia • Large numbers of Europeans • Large indigenous numbers • Increase over time • Increasing conflict

10. Changing Social Relations • European communities grow • Increasing segregation • Ideas of white supremacy • Shifts in Methods of Economic Extraction • Drive to increase production, lower costs • Many colonies become dependent • Railways, roads built to serve extraction • Settler Colonies in South Africa and the Pacific • Relations varied • Disease decimates in some cases • Some native peoples Westernized • Some more resistant

11. British Investment Abroad on the Eve of World War I (1913)

12. South Africa • British rule • Attempt to end slavery • Afrikaners resist British advances • Move inland: Great Trek • Conflict with Bantu • British more involved • Afrikaners form republics • Discovery of diamonds and gold brought more British and higher tensions • Boer wars (1899-1902) won by British with high cost in lives and resources

13. Pacific Tragedies • New Zealand • 1790s, first Europeans • Alcoholism, prostitution spread • Maoris adopt firearms • 1850s, change • British farmers, herders arrive • Maoris pushed into interior • Adopt European culture

14. Pacific Tragedies cont. • Hawaii • Opened to the west by voyages of Captain James Cook • Prince Kamehameha • Pushed for Western imitation to unify his kingdom • 1810, rules Hawaiian kingdom • Disease devastates population • Shift • Asian workers imported due to decline in population • American settlers • Push for annexation • Weak rulers pushed out • 1893, last ruler deposed • 1898, annexed by United States