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Evolution 0.9: The Evolution of the U.S. Peering Ecosystem

Evolution 0.9: The Evolution of the U.S. Peering Ecosystem. William B. Norton Co-Founder & Chief Technical Liaison Equinix, Inc. Gigabit Peering Forum VII Herndon, VA September 9, 2003. Internet Researcher. Four Years of Research

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Evolution 0.9: The Evolution of the U.S. Peering Ecosystem

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  1. Evolution 0.9:The Evolution of the U.S. Peering Ecosystem William B. Norton Co-Founder & Chief Technical Liaison Equinix, Inc. Gigabit Peering Forum VII Herndon, VA September 9, 2003

  2. Internet Researcher • Four Years of Research • Document Internet Operations Practices – Interconnect/Peering/IXes/etc. • Research Process – Focus with Community and • Write White Paper version M.m • Walk throughs & Feedback • Fix/Update Paper • 200 Walkthroughs later – a document reflecting community Internet Operations knowledge So far 6 White Papers

  3. Internet Operations White Papers • “Interconnection Strategies for ISPs” • “Internet Service Providers and Peering” • “A Business Case for Peering” • “The Art of Peering: The Peering Playbook” • “The Peering Simulation Game” • “Do ATM-based Internet Exchanges Make Sense Anymore?” Freely available. Send e-mail to wbn@equinix.com New white Paper: The Evolution of the U.S. Peering Ecosystem, Agenda…

  4. Agenda The Evolution of the Internet Peering Ecosystem • The Internet Peering Ecosystem Environment • Each Player, their Motivations, their Behavior • Four Major Events, led to … • Three Major Evolutions in the Peering Ecosystem

  5. The Evolution of the U.S. Peering Ecosystem Act I: 1998-2000

  6. The Internet Peering Ecosystem • The Environment • The Players • Their role in the Peering Ecosystem • Their behavior in the Peering Ecosystem • Their relationship to others in the Peering Ecosystem • The Evolution of the Peering Ecosystem

  7. The Internet Peering Ecosystem • Many “Internet Regions” (usually defined by geopolitical boundaries) • Each with its own Peering Ecosystem consisting of • Tier 1 ISPs • Tier 2 ISPs • Content Players and Enterprises

  8. Interconnect Regions • Large Internet Regions have multiple geographical areas where ISPs peer

  9. Player: Tier 1 ISPs Def: A Tier 1 ISP is an ISP that has access to the entire Regional Internet routing table solely through Peering Relationships (I.e. doesn’t buy transit from anyone).

  10. Tier 1 Peering • Full Mesh Peering among Tier 1 ISPs within each Interconnect Region

  11. Some Tier 1 ISPs in the U.S.

  12. Tier 1 Peering Across the U.S. 8 Interconnect Regions

  13. Tier 1 Peering Motivations • Generally not interested to peer with anyone else • They already get the traffic for free • They may be foregoing revenue (they could sell transit) • They don’t want to give away that which differentiates them

  14. Player: Tier 2 ISP Def: A Tier 2 ISP is an ISP that purchases (and therefore resells) transit within an Internet Region.

  15. Tier 2 ISP Peering Motivations • Reduce transit costs • Improve Performance • Greater control over routing

  16. Tier 2 Peering • Sparse Mesh Peering in each Interconnect Region

  17. Tier 2 ISPs • Widely varying characteristics and behaviors • Scope: Global, National, Regional, Local • Underfunded to well funded • Food fights to solid relationships within the community • Big Peoples Table and Little Peoples Table perhaps a bad generalization

  18. The Content Provider and Enterprise Player • Always buy transit • Focus on Content • Focus on Service • Few Network Engineers • SLAs valuable

  19. The Internet Peering Ecosystem

  20. Peering Inclinations and Peering Policies • Def: A Peering Inclination is a predilection towards or against peering as demonstrated by Peering behavior in a Peering Ecosystem • Def: A Peering Policy documents and defines the prerequisites to peering.

  21. Four types of Peering Inclination • Open Peering – Anyone, Anywhere • Selective Peering – Some Requirements • Restrictive Peering – No • No Peering – No, prefer buying transit

  22. The Evolution of the U.S. Peering Ecosystem Act II: 2000-2003

  23. Evolution of the U.S. Peering Ecosystem Four key events leading to drastic disruption in the Peering Ecosystem: • The 1999/2000 Telecom Collapse • The growth of the Used Equipment Market • The Upstream Provider for the Cable Companies (@Home) went bankrupt • Peer-to-Peer file sharing systems (like Kazaa) grow in popularity, traffic grows exponentially between Access Providers (1.5MB MP3  700MB AVI files) Leads to 3 Major Evolutions

  24. Evolution #1 – Cable Companies are Peering • 40% of traffic Kazaa • 3-5 Gbps of transit traffic-> Gbps of peering potential ! Significant because • Volume • Open Peering • Kazaa Effect

  25. U.S. Cable Companies Eyeballs

  26. AOL

  27. 1998-2000 Tier 1 ISPs $ Transit Tier 2 ISPs Thickness represents In-Group Peering Content

  28. 2000-2003 Evolution #1 – Cable Companies Peering Tier 1 ISPs CableCos Peering Tier 2 ISPs Content

  29. Evolution #2 – Network Savvy Large Scale Content Companies get into Peering • To reduce transit costs • To improve the end user experience • They need to move out of bankrupt colo anyway Significant because • Volume of traffic is huge • Content Providers have Open Peering • Leading players pave the way

  30. 1998-2000 Tier 1 ISPs $ Transit Tier 2 ISPs Thickness represents In-Group Peering Content

  31. 2000-2003 Evolution #2 – Large Scale Network Savvy Content Peers Tier 1 ISPs Tier 2 ISPs LSNSC Content

  32. Other Broadband Players • Significant, but… • Not Open Peers so disincentive to peer • So less volume and less disruptive

  33. Evolution #3 – Cable Companies Freely Peer with Content Companies • Content literally on the Cable Company Network • Lowest possible latency from content to eyeballs • Internet Gaming, Broadband Streaming, etc.

  34. 1998-2000 Tier 1 ISPs $ Transit Tier 2 ISPs Thickness represents In-Group Peering Content

  35. 2000-2003 Evolution #1 – Cable Companies Peering Tier 1 ISPs CableCos Tier 2 ISPs Content

  36. 2000-2003 Evolution #2 – Large Scale Network Savvy Content Peers Tier 1 ISPs Tier 2 ISPs LSNSC Content

  37. 2000-2003 Evolution #3 – Cable Peers with Large Scale Network Savvy Content Tier 1 ISPs CableCos Tier 2 ISPs LSNSC Content

  38. International Dynamics – Separate White Paper JP U.S. U.S. Tier 1 ISPs are Tier 2 ISPs in Japan Internet Region Japan Tier 1 ISPs are Tier 2 ISPs in the U.S. Internet Region

  39. 2003 Peering Ecosystem Evolving Summary Excite@Home

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