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2. Safety Training for Fire Safety in the Construction Industry

3. Disclaimer/Usage Notes • Photos shown in this presentation may depict situations that are not in compliance with applicable OSHA/MSHA/FHWA requirements. • It is not the intent of the content developers to provide compliance-based training in this presentation, the intent is more to address hazard awareness in the construction and mining industry, and to recognize the overlapping hazards present in many workplaces. • It should NOT be assumed that the suggestions, comments, or recommendations contained herein constitute a thorough review of the applicable standards, nor should discussion of “issues” or “concerns” be construed as a prioritization of hazards or possible controls. Where opinions (“best practices”) have been expressed, it is important to remember that safety issues in general and jobsites specifically will require a great deal of site- or hazard-specificity – a “one size fits all” approach is not recommended, nor will it likely be very effective.

4. Disclaimer/Usage Notes (continued) • No representation is made as to the thoroughness of the presentation, nor to the exact methods of remediation to be taken. It is understood that site conditions vary constantly, and that the developers of this content cannot be held responsible for safety problems they did not address or could not anticipate, nor those which have been discussed herein or during physical presentation. It is the responsibility of the employer, its subcontractors, and its employees to comply with all pertinent rules and regulations in the jurisdiction in which they work. • It is assumed that individuals using this presentation or content to augment their training programs will be “qualified” to do so, and that said presenters will be otherwise prepared to answer questions, solve problems, and discuss issues with their audiences. • Areas of particular concern (or especially suited to discussion) have additional information provided in the “notes” section of slides throughout the program…as a presenter, you should be prepared to discuss all of the potential issues/concerns, or problems inherent in those photos particularly.

5. Objectives • Know and understand: • Principles of combustible and flammable liquids, including limits, and classification • Basics of fire chemistry • Fire classes • How extinguishing agents work • Be familiar with • Types of fire extinguishers • How to control flammable liquid hazards • Basic fire prevention and protection

6. Fire Hazards • Annual $2.2 billion loss • Over 300 workplace deaths • Over 3% of workplace fatalities • Fire losses can be catastrophic • Unlike other hazards, the event may not be self- limiting • Fire hazards MUST be controlled to a low level of probability, as losses are so high

7. Flammability limits • Lower explosive limit, LEL (also LFL) • The minimum concentration of vapor in air below which a spread of flame does not occur when the vapor is in contact with a source of ignition • Acetone LEL = 2.5% • Upper explosive limit, UEL (also UFL) • The maximum concentration of vapor in air above which a spread of flame does not occur when the vapor is in contact with a source of ignition. • Acetone UEL = 12.8% • Explosive range (also flammable range) • The spread between the LEL and UEL • Acetone explosive range = 2.5 - 12.8%

8. Explosive energy Concentration UEL LEL

9. Relationship between toxicity and flammability Toluene Example: O2 deficient TLV PEL IDLH LEL UEL 1 - 100 ppm 1000-5000 ppm 1-20 percent • TLV=50 ppm, • PEL = 200 ppm, • IDLH = 500 ppm, • LEL = 1.1%, • UEL 7.1%

10. Definitions • Ignition temperature • The temperature at which ignition (production of flame) and burning will be continued after the source of ignition or the source of heat is removed • Flash point • The lowest temperature at which enough vapor is given off near the surface of a liquid to produce a flammable mixture with air. • Flammable liquid • Liquids with a flash point below 100 F • Combustible liquid • Liquids with a flash point 100 F or greater

11. OSHA and NFPA Classification

12. Fire Types • Flame fire • Gases or vapors • High burning rate • Surface fire • Burning rate may be slow • Explosion • An event leading to a rapid increase of pressure

13. Explosions • Deflagration • Combustion wave propagates at subsonic velocity • Detonation • Combustion wave propagates at supersonic velocity • Gas or vapor explosion • Combustion of pre-mixed gas or vapor • Dust explosion • Finely divided solids, suspended in air

14. Explosions • BLEVE • Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion • Flash evaporation after vessel rupture • May not involve combustion

15. Chemistry of Fire • Combustion • Rapid oxidation • Combustion components • Oxygen • Atmosphere (21%) • Chemical oxidizers • Fuel • Solids • Surface-to-mass ratio • Gaseous • Liquids (vapors) • BGases

16. Chemistry of Fire • Combustion components (cont.) • Heat • Heat of combustion • Other sources of heat: (ignition) • Chemical reactions • Decay • Slow oxidation • Electricity • Arcing • Resistance • Mechanical friction • Chemical Chain Reaction • Propagated by free radicals

17. Heat Soot, smoke Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Incomplete combustion Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen sulfide Phosgene Acid Gases Hydrogen Chloride Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen oxides Ammonia Acrolein Metal Fumes Products of combustion

18. The Fire Triangle • Four components: • Oxygen • Heat • Fuel • Reaction • Removing any component stops the fire

19. Extinguishing a fire • Cooling • Applying water • Removing Fuel • Shut off supply to gas or liquid fires • Pump liquid from burning tanks • Limiting oxygen • Mechanical smothering • Foam • Displace oxygen with inert gas • Interrupt chain reaction • Capture free radicals using an extinguishing agent

20. Fire Classification • Class A • Ordinary combustibles • Wood, paper, rubbish • Extinguish with water • Class B • Flammable liquids • Water may aggravate a burning liquid fire • Extinguish with foam, chemical agents

21. Fire Classification • Class C • Fires in electrical equipment • Use non-conductive extinguishing agent • Class D • Combustible metal fires • Extinguish by smothering with dry powder • Water will cause burning metals to explode • Special categories

22. Extinguishing agents • Water • Removes heat from a fire • Streams, spray or fog • Best for Class A fires • Not for electrical or combustible metal fires • Water mist may be used on electrical fires. These are special fire extinguishers, filled with distilled water, that produce a fine mist (no solid stream of water) • Foam • Excludes oxygen from burning liquid fires • Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) • Fire can re-ignite if foam breaks down

23. Extinguishing agents • Inert Gases • Displaces oxygen • Carbon dioxide, nitrogen • Halogenated Hydrocarbons • Inhibit chain reactions • HALON (bromo-fluoro-chloro-hyrdrocarbons) • Carbon tetrachloride (historically) • Ozone depleting • New, more ozone-friendly agents are available

24. Extinguishing agents • Dry Chemical • Inhibit chain reactions • Sodium or potassium bicarbonate • For Class B or C fires • Multipurpose Dry Chemical • Monoammonium phosphate • For Class A, B, or C fires • Excludes oxygen by coating surfaces • Dry Powder • Excludes oxygen from burning metal • Sodium chloride, graphite

25. Fire Extinguishers • Water • For Class A fires • Minimum 2 1/2 gallons or 2A • "A" unit rating = 5 quart water or equivalent • Usually stored pressure type • Inverting soda-acid extinguisher are obsolete and dangerous • Foam • For Class A or B • Stored pressure

26. Fire Extinguishers • Dry Chemical • Class ABC or BC • "B" unit rating = 1 square foot flammable liquid fire • No rating for "C“ • Stored pressure or cartridge- operated

27. Fire Extinguishers • Liquified Gas • CO2, Class BC • HALON, Class ABC • Dry powder • Class D (no rating) • Cartridge operated

28. OSHA Requirements for Fire Extinguishers • Placement • Maximum 75 foot travel distance for "A" or "D“ • Maximum 50 foot travel distance for "B“ • Inspection • Monthly visual • Annual maintenance • 5-year hydrotest • 12 yr. hydrotest for dry chemical or HALON (6 yr. recharge) • Training and Education • For all workplaces with fire extinguishers

29. Using a Fire Extinguisher • P.A.S.S. • Pull Pin • Aim at base of fire • Squeeze handle • Sweep back and forth

30. Controlling Fire Hazards • Flammable liquid safety • Limit quantities • Store liquids in flammable liquid cabinets or rooms • Use "Safety" cans • Ventilation • Pressure relief valves

31. Controlling Fire Hazards • Flammable liquid safety • Controlling ignition sources • Grounding and bonding • Non-sparking tools • Approved dispensing hoses • Classified "explosion proof" wiring • "Hot Work Permit“ • For welding, etc. • Test for LEL • Observer stands by with extinguisher or fire hose

32. Controlling Fire Hazards • Fire Suppression Systems • Automatic sprinklers • Wet pipe (buildings) • Dry pipe (industrial) • Deluge • Dry chemical • CO2, HALON