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A Brief History of Data and Databases: From Cuneiform to Relational Models

Explore the evolution of data storage from ancient records to relational databases, including key milestones and influential figures in the field. Discover how data management has evolved over thousands of years to shape modern information systems.

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A Brief History of Data and Databases: From Cuneiform to Relational Models

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  1. A brief history of data and databases Spanning thousands and thousands of years Unattributed pictures from University of Rochester History Site

  2. Housekeeping • HW3 – Grading contract – due before class on Tuesday • Teams – Tuesday • Some have indicated that they prefer to work alone. See me if you feel strongly and come prepared with a reason why. • Project – A couple of people had ideas for alternate projects. • Lewis • Hull • See me after class

  3. References for this talk • University of Rochester History Site • http://quickbase.intuit.com/articles/timeline-of-database-history • http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/memory-storage/8/265/2207 - Video

  4. Record Keeping – How long? Source: http://www.ancientscripts.com/cuneiform.html picture – wikipedia 4th millenium

  5. Record Keeping – How long? 3100 BC pictures of goods and then cuniform symbols. Source: http://www.ancientscripts.com/cuneiform.html picture – wikipedia 4th millenium

  6. Why? • We use records to measure “stuff”. • And most of these records are not digital.

  7. Jacquard Loom

  8. Marriage book, Rochester, NY, chronological filing of marriage licenses. From ancestry.com (1790 census, Pittsford, NY)

  9. Other non-electronic records • SS cards – 35 million hand typed between 1937-1938 • Motor vehicle licenses and registrations • Financial records for companies • School records

  10. Card Catalogs – An ingeneous indexing system

  11. It didn’t indicate whether the book was available, just where it should be found.(example cards) • Creating the cards required the expertise of librarians.

  12. Problem – The 1890 census • Enter Herman Hollerith.

  13. Hollerith’s device pantograph Hollerith card Integrating machine

  14. First computers The program, the data, the JCL – all done with punchcards

  15. Electronic files – Early computing1950s – 1970s

  16. Enter the database – Early 1960s • Objects in a database can be related to one another. • Hierarchical – One record leads to the related record. (Like a tree) • Network – Allowed for multiple relationships (like a network) • The databases used pointers to relate one record to another.

  17. Charles Bachman Integrated data store – Dow Chemical CASE products (Computer Aided Engineering)

  18. Some issues • While an improvement over file based systems, • these systems required knowledge of the structures to use them. No built in search mechanism. • Very few users understood the structures, access limited to an elite few. • Queries were complex. Took time to get new information and expensive programmer time to produce.

  19. Enter the relational DBMS1970, Edgar Codd • Relational DBMS • Mathematician at IBM • Based on Relational Calculus and set theory • U of Michigam • MicroDBMS • IBM • System R • First implementation of SQL • Led to • Oracle • IBM DB2 • Informix • Sybase • MS SQL Server (based on Sybase)

  20. Relational Ideas • Data is represented as a series of tables. • The tables are Related to one another through a series of keys and foreign keys. • A standard language is used to define the database (DDL) and to query the database (DML). • Tables within the database contain the data about the database (meta data).

  21. Why relational? • It is easy for most people to “see” and “get it”. • Makes the data accessible for a wider number of users through user friendly query tools. • Through good database design, space usage is efficient (although this has become less of an issue of late).

  22. Codd’s 12 Rules • See notes.

  23. The Future? • Object Oriented Databases • Combine data and operations on those data • Allows for inheritance • Oracle (Object-Relational Database) • Postgre(open source object-relational DBMS) • http://www.postgresql.org/about/ • XML and XML DBMS • XML designed to transport and store data initially envisioned as moving data across the web (w3schools.com) • XML Database Management System manages that data

  24. Next up – modeling data and relational DBMS terms • A few words about data models. • Activity – Let’s look again at the “ugly” database.

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