The Circulatory System

1. The Circulatory System The Heart Blood Vessels Blood

2. Substances Transported • Blood – oxygenated and deoxygenated • Hormones – chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands • Glucose – sugar • Ions • Dissolved gases • Products of metabolism

3. The Three Types of Blood Vessels Vein Artery Capillary Endothelium Arteriole Venule Connective tissue Connective tissue Smooth muscle Smooth muscle Endothelium Endothelium Valve Which way (relative to the heart) does blood travel in these vessels? arteries = away, veins = back to heart (valves prevent backflow) Why do arteries have thicker walls than veins? to withstand blood pressure of ventricular contraction Why are capillaries so small that only 1 blood cell can fit through at a time? facilitates diffusion of gases and other substances

4. The Circulatory System Capillaries of head and arms Pulmonary Circulation circulation from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart Systemic Circulation circulation from the heart to the body cells and back to the heart Superior vena cava Aorta Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Capillaries of right lung Capillaries of left lung Inferior vena cava Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs

5. Structures of the Heart http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIyHkONpH40 1 Superior Vena Cava Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium 13 Aorta Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body 8 Pulmonary Veins Bring oxygen-rich blood from each of the lungs to the left atrium 7 Pulmonary Arteries Bring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs 9 Left Atrium 6 Pulmonary Valve (semilunar) Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery 12 Aortic Valve (semilunar) Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta 3 Right Atrium 10 Mitral Valve (AV) Prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle 4 Tricuspid Valve (AV) Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle 11 Left Ventricle 2 Inferior Vena Cava Vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium Septum 5 Right Ventricle Blood flow through the heart: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/animate/heart_bloodflow.swf

6. The Heartbeat Thought Question: What are you actually hearing when your heart beats? What is a heart murmur?

7. Regulation of the Heartbeat Contraction of Atria Contraction of Ventricles Sinoatrial (SA) node Conducting fibers Atrioventricular (AV) node Sinoatrial node – the “pacemaker” of the heart, starts the sequence “lubb” – closing of the tricuspid and mitral valves (separate atria and ventricles) “dupp” – closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves (separate ventricle and pulmonary artery/aorta)

8. Components of Blood Plasma Platelets White blood cells Red blood cells Whole Blood Sample Sample Placed in Centrifuge Blood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged White Blood Cells (leukocytes) - immunity Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) - carry oxygen (hemoglobin protein) Platelets - clotting Plasma - liquid matrix

9. Identify the labeled structures in the image below. A B C

10. Blood Clotting Break in Capillary Wall Blood vessels injured. Clumping of Platelets Platelets clump at the injured site and release clotting factors. Clot Forms This activate a series of reactions leading to the production of fibrin, which forms a "patch."

11. An Actual Blood Clot Thought Question: What is the large disc in this image? the thread-like substance?

12. The Respiratory System The Pathway Gas Exchange Breathing

13. Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide In and Out of the Respiratory System Nasal cavities Oxygen-rich air from environment Pharynx Trachea Bronchi Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange at alveoli Bronchi Bronchioles Bronchioles Alveoli Carbon dioxide-rich air to the environment Nasal cavities Pharynx Trachea

14. The Respiratory System Pharynx Larynx Nose Trachea Mouth Lung Bronchus Epiglottis Alveoli Bronchioles Bronchiole Thought Question: By what process does oxygen enter the blood steam and carbon dioxide leave the blood stream? Diaphragm Capillaries Edge of pleural membrane Capillary

15. Gas Exchange What is being shown in this animation?

16. The Mechanics of Breathing Air exhaled Air inhaled Rib cage descends Rib cage rises Diaphragm Diaphragm Inhalation – diaphragm contracts causing the rib cage to rise and air is drawn into the lungs Exhalation – the diaphragm relaxes causing the rib cage to descend, forcing air out of the lungs

17. Essays a.) Identify the three types of blood vessels of the circulatory system. b.) Compare the structure and the function of the three types of blood vessels. c.) Atherosclerosis is a common disease of the circulatory system in which fatty deposits called “plaque” build up on the walls of arteries, resulting in obstruction of blood flow. Explain how this disease would disrupt the structure and function of arteries and thus affect the circulatory system. a.) List in order the structures of the respiratory system through which air passes from the outside environment to the lungs. b.) What is the functional unit of the respiratory system? Explain the process that occurs at these structures. c.) Smoking can cause the respiratory disease chronic bronchitis, where the bronchi become swollen and clogged with mucus. Explain how this disease would disrupt the structures and functions of the respiratory system.