Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing

1. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Primary questions: • How one solid layer be formed? • How two layers be adhered? Process requirement (functional): • FR1: create one solid layer. • FR2: glue two consecutive solid layers in the deposit direction (z-axis). z y x

2. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR1 (make one layer of solids): Air Powder Powder Sheet Liquid Powder-based Liquid-based Sheet-based • Opportunity of innovation • Frost • Snow Solid

3. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR1 (make one layer of solids): Sheet Liquid Powder Principle ??? Solids X is a restricted set of materials only Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, bio-chemistry, physics-chemistry For the liquid state of a certain material X, the freezing effect can allow the liquid to solidify. That is, to drop cold droplet on the liquid material, and the liquid solidifies to a solid.

4. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR1 (make one layer of solids): Sheet Liquid Powder Principle ??? Solids X is a restricted set of materials Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, bio-chemistry, physics-chemistry For the liquid state of a certain material X, photo-resistive to UV light, can allow the liquid to solidify. That is, to have a mask covering the material such that the materials exposed to UV light will become a solid.

5. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR1 (make one layer of solids): Sheet Liquid Powder Principle ??? Solids Y a restricted set of materials Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, bio-chemistry, physics-chemistry For the powder state of a certain material Y, there is a physical principle called heat-fusion to bind two particles. However, not all materials are heat-fusible.

6. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR1 (make one layer of solids): Sheet Liquid Powder Principle ??? Solids Y is a restricted set of materials Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, bio-chemistry, physics-chemistry For the powder state of a certain material Y, there is a physical principle which is like welding with fillers to bind two particles. That is, a bond materials are shot on the layer of the material, and the powers glue to solid. However, not all materials are bondable in this way.

7. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR1 (make one layer of solids): Sheet Liquid Powder Principle ??? Solids Z is a restricted set of materials Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, bio-chemistry, physics-chemistry For the sheet state of a certain material Z, there is a physical principle that the sheet is cut by an energy beam such as laser. As such, a solid (i.e., sheet) can be formed, and then another layer of sheet.

8. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR1 (make one layer of solids): Sheet Liquid Powder Principle ??? Solids W is a restricted set of materials 3D Printing Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, bio-chemistry, physics-chemistry For the liquid state of a certain material W, it solidifies when it is put in an environment with the temperature being sufficiently lower than the melting point of the material W, and then W turns to a solid.

9. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR2 (glue two solid layers of materials): Air Powder Powder Sheet Liquid Powder-based Liquid-based Sheet-based • Opportunity of innovation • Frost • Snow Solid

10. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR2 (glue two solid layers of materials): Sheet Liquid Powder Principle ??? Solids Liquid Liquid Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, bio-chemistry, physics-chemistry Solid Solid The principle to glue the two layers is the photosensitive effect - i.e., the gluing of the upper layer of liquid to the previous solid layer is completed during the solidification of the upper layer of liquid. The two processes (forming a solid and gluing two layers) happen in the same time.

11. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR2 (glue two solid layers of materials): Sheet Liquid Powder Principle ??? Solids Liquid Liquid Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, bio-chemistry, physics-chemistry Solid Solid The glue of the liquid layer to the previous solid layer is completed during the solidification process of the upper liquid layer based on the droplet freezing effect.

12. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR2 (glue two solid layers of materials): Sheet Liquid Powder Principle ??? Solids Liquid Liquid Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, bio-chemistry, physics-chemistry Solid Solid The principle to glue to the layer of the solid is the photo-sensitive effect, that is, during the solidification process of the upper liquid layer, it glues with the previous layer of the solid.

13. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR2 (glue two solid layers of materials): Sheet Liquid Powder Principle ??? Solids Powder Powder Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, bio-chemistry, physics-chemistry Solid Solid The glue of the upper layer of the power to the previous layer of solid is based on the heat-fusion effect. The process is very much like the welding process.

14. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR2 (glue two solid layers of materials): Sheet Liquid Powder Principle ??? Solids Powder Powder Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, bio-chemistry, physics-chemistry Solid Solid The gluing of the upper layer of the powder to the previous solid layer is based on the effect of bonding material in the powder.

15. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR2 (glue two solid layers of materials): Sheet Liquid Powder Principle ??? Solids Sheet Sheet Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, bio-chemistry, physics-chemistry Solid Solid The gluing of the upper layer of the sheet to the previous layer of the sheet is through adhesion on the back of the sheet, where there is filler (like welding)

16. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Principle of the process for FR2 (glue two solid layers of materials): 3D Printing or FDM Sheet Liquid Powder Principle ??? Solids Liquid Liquid Physics, Chemistry, Biology or their combination such as bio-physics, bio-chemistry, physics-chemistry Solid Solid The gluing of the upper layer of the liquid (molten material) to the previous solid layer is completed during the process of material diffusion.

17. Principle – more than 3D Printing but Additive Manufacturing Rectification for 3D Printing (in terms of the principle): • 3D Printing is a kind of the additive manufacturing technology. • The principle of 3D printing is (however): molten material solidifies quickly in a sufficient low temperature environment. It is easy to be implemented. • 3D printing directly dispenses molten materials to the object (an initial platform or solid layer of the materials). • 3D printing glues two layers of the materials (a previous solid layer and a layer of liquid in the process of solidification) based on the heat-diffusion. • 3D printing = Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) = Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is today a nickname of RP (rapid prototyping) or additive manufacturing (AM) technology or deposition manufacturing technology.

18. Analysis: Pros and Cons Pros of additive manufacturing technology (or 3D printing): • No need of tooling for making a complex shape product, thus most suitable for concept design and marketing. • Capable of making complex internal features, thus most suitable for human engineering. • Highly customization, thus most suitable to human engineering. • Rapid production compared with those that need tooling. • Low cost in production compared with those that need tooling. • Large design space due to its capability of making complex shape products. • High sustainability due to the reusability of materials easily.

19. Analysis: Pros and Cons Cons of additive manufacturing technology: • Poor mechanical property: strength and stiffness. • Poor accuracy. • Need of post-processing in order to make products more functional. • Polymer materials.

20. Analysis: Pros and Cons Pros and cons of 3D printing in comparison with other additive manufacturing technologies: • Cons: Limited scope of materials that can be used: ABS, PLA. • Cons: Poor strength (tension) and stiffness. • Pros: simple equipment (due to the principle). • Pros: simple maintenance.

21. 3D Bio-plotter (not 3D printing but a kind of AM) • It is 3D printer with special types of materials, that is, biomaterials. • Cleaning for bio-cells.

22. 3D printing system 3D Printing overall function Heat materials to the molten state Dispense the molten material Glue two consecutive layers of the material Move in the x-axis Supply materials Move in the y-axis Feed materials Move in the z-axis Heat materials

23. 3D printing system The six devices fulfill the six functions as mentioned in the preceding slide

24. Future • Feeding the filament more effectively. • Heating the filament of metals, ceramics. • Retracting the molten materials. • 6D degrees of freedom (DOF) relative motion between the nozzle and platform. • Scaffolding and seeding simultaneously. • Bio-inspired tissue reconstruction. • Rational design and control of scaffold for support and drug release.

25. Future • 6D degrees of freedom (DOF) relative motion between the nozzle and platform

26. Future • 6D degrees of freedom (DOF) relative motion between the nozzle and platform

27. Future • Scaffolding and seeding simultaneously

28. Future • Bio-inspired tissue reconstruction Stem cells and active cells Scaffold for support and nutrition release Biological true tissue Incubator Direct bio-engineering replacement human tissues on-demand for transplantation.

29. Future • Rational design and control of scaffolds On demand tissue repair (chemical and physical requirements of individual patients) • Design scaffolds • Seed cells • Supply foods • Stimulate cells • Scaffold degradation control • Food supply adjustment • Cell stimulation adjustment

30. Concluding Remarks • Corrigendum and Position Statement: revisit • 3D Printing or AM is not everything of manufacturing technology but a manufacturing technology that is • of universal capability in terms of making the shape of product, • agile in terms of readiness of accessibility and availability, and • Suitable to one-kind-of-production (OKP). • Add: • 3D Printing is one of the additive manufacturing technologies. • It is a fused deposition principle, leading to simple equipment set-up. • It is most promising in bio-manufacturing, including design, fabrication and control.

31. End and thank you Question & comment ?