Friday, April 4, 2014

1. Friday, April 4, 2014 No homework  Do Now: Word Wise (on your desk)

2. Section 1 How was Rome founded? What is the geography of Rome like? Is it good or bad? What influence did geography have on the development of ancient Rome? Who influenced ancient Rome? (what groups of people?)

3. How was Rome founded? The legend tells us… Twin brothers of Romulus and Remus were placed in a basket by their uncle. Their uncle was threatened by them They began to float down the Tiber River where they had gotten into some trouble A she-wolf saved them, but the two brothers argued over power Remus is killed by Romulus and he founds city of Rome (naming it after himself)

4. What is the geography like in Rome? A BOOT INTO THE SEA Italian peninsula is part of the European continent that sticks out into Mediterranean Sea like a “kicking boot” Sicily is an island west of the “toe” of the Italian peninsula. Sicily was a popular spot for Greek colonists because of rich farmlands.

5. Mountain Ranges, Fertile Soils, and Rivers The Alps Mountains form the northern border of Italy and wall off the Italian peninsula from the rest of Europe The Apennine Mountains form the giant “backbone” that runs through Italian peninsula Latium is an important fertile plain on the west coast of central Italy. The Tiber River runs through Latium, this is where Rome is located

6. What influence did geography have on the development of ancient Rome? Helped Rome grow Hills acted as a natural defense Access to the Tiber River which led to ports and key trade routes

7. Who influenced ancient Rome? Greeks – Many traveled to Rome and brought their culture with them Etruscans – they formed the basis of religion and with help from the Greek helped form the Roman alphabet (we still use it today!)

8. Monday, April 7, 2014 • Homework: • Page 370 key terms and read section 2 • Sign & return chapter 11 tests • Do Now: • Take out your notes and be ready to continue

9. The Roman Government “It was impossible even for a native to pronounce with certainty whether the whole system was aristocratic, democratic, or monarchical” Polybius, ancient historian Leaders, wealthy aristocrats, and average citizens all play a role

10. The Roman Government • Roman government was structured by a constitution • A system of rules by which a government is organized • Separation of powers was the main idea • Made sure no one person could become too powerful

11. Limiting Officials’ Power • Split office positions between two or more men • 2 leaders called consuls with equal powers • Time in office is limited to 1 year • The power to veto • to stop or cancel the action of a government official • “I forbid” in Latin

12. Checks and Balances • Power was divided among 3 branches (tripartite) • Assemblies • Senate • Magistrates: elected officials who enforce laws • One branch could check, or stop another branch from misusing power • No one branch could have TOTAL power

13. Rule of Law The law applied to EVERYONE Elected officials could even be tried for violating the law after their term of office ended

14. Roman Citizenship • Free Roman men were considered citizens • Women and slaves were not considered citizens and had no direct role in government • Symbol of Roman citizenship was the toga • A garment that adult men wore wrapped around their bodies • Only citizens could wear togas

15. Rights and Responsibilities • Citizens • had the right to a trial • Had the right to vote • Had the responsibility to serve in the army • Roman culture stressed civic duty

16. Roman Society • The society divided into two groups based on a class structure. • The patricians were wealthy landowners who were members of Rome’s noble families. • The plebeians were commoners who were allowed to vote, but not be elected to government office. Plebeians were farmers, traders, and craftsmen.

17. Plebeians The plebeians protested the rule of the patricians. During a war, they walked out of the city and refused to fight. Rome could not go on without them. The plebeians forced the patricians to open up offices to them. Now both patricians and plebeians had a role in government

18. Tuesday, April 8, 2014 • Homework: • Read page 375 “Roman Example” and answer page 375 # 4 & 5 • Do Now: • Please have out your homework (page 370 key terms)

19. Assemblies Democratic part of the Roman government All adult male citizens could participate Votes of the wealthy men usually counted more than the poor

20. Assemblies At assemblies, officials were elected and laws were passed The power of the assemblies was checked by the powers of the senate

21. Senate • Worked like an oligarchy • Made up of the wealthiest and best known Roman men • Often, they had been former magistrates • Government official who enforces the law • They were not meant to represent the people, instead guide the state

22. Senate Advised the assemblies and magistrates Almost always, the advice given from the senate was followed. The senate controlled foreign policy and decided how to spend the state’s money MOST POWERFUL PART OF ROME’S GOVERNMENT

23. Tribunes Tribunes acted as the protectors of the plebeians Had the right to veto any law or action of a magistrate It was strictly forbidden to harm a tribune

24. Praetors and Consuls • Praetors • Judged cases • Managed the city of Rome • Led armies in times of war • Consuls • Top officials in the Roman Republic • Lead the army • Presided over the senate and assemblies • Considered the highest judges

25. Lower Offices • Quaestors • Accountants who kept track of the state’s money • Served as assistants to higher officials • Aedile • In charge of holding festicals • In charge of maintaining public buildings

26. Cincinnatus The Senate could vote for a dictator in an emergency, but it was only for a max of 6 months Cincinnatus was working on his field when he had heard he was voted dictator He quickly defeated Rome’s enemies, resigned, and went back to his fields. He was considered a model citizen

27. Thursday, April 10, 2014 Homework: page 376 key terms and read section 3 Do Now: From what we have learned about the government and how it is run, who do you think runs the Roman household? Why? (you may work with a partner)

28. Roman Society • Rome was a patriarchal society • Men ruled their families • Paterfamilias (head of the household) • Owned all property • Power over wife, children, underage siblings • In practice, a father’s power was usually limited by custom

29. Roman Society • Women: • Could own personal property • Went to parties • Enjoyed the theater • Participated in religious rituals • BUT women could not vote, attend assemblies, or hold office • The ideal woman was a faithful wife and mother, devoted to her family

30. Read pages 377-378

31. Rich vs. Poor Wealthy Romans earned money from agriculture or business Upper class lived in one or two story houses with court yards, gardens, private baths, and running water Many elite families owned villas (large country homes)

32. Rich vs. Poor • Most poor Romans lived in cramped apartments without running water • Apartment buildings were poorly built and could collapse • Some worked as day laborers in construction, ran stores or restaurants • Some worked as tenant farmers • People who rented land from wealthy landlords

33. Slavery • Very common in ancient Rome • Slaves had no rights, bought and sold like property • Some worked in mines and on large farms • They died quickly due to brutal treatment • Some worked in households • Some educated slaves (usually Greek) worked as secretaries or teachers

34. Slavery • Some slaves could become free as a reward for serving loyally • Some slaves rebelled • Spartacus

35. Wednesday, March 6, 2013 • Homework: • Page 379 1-6 & 9 • Do Now: • Please take out your lists from yesterday (roles of men, women, or slaves)

36. Roman religion Worshipped hundreds of gods Most came from the Greek, but some were from the Latin tradition Top government officials also served as priests Romans believed that maintaining good relationships with the gods was a part of the government’s job They wanted to keep the gods happy

37. Monday, April 21, 2014 • Homework: • Page 380 key terms • Do now: • Please review all material from chapter 12 (before spring break)

38. Struggle with Carthage City in present-day Tunisia (north coast of Africa) Controlled much of the land in the western Mediterranean and Sicily. Once a colony of Phoenicia. “Punic” was Latin work for Phoenicia—Punic Wars.

39. Struggle with Carthage • Hannibal, Carthage’s most successful general led his troops from Spain into Italy • Rome defeats Hannibal’s troops, but knew “Carthage must be destroyed” • One senator ended every speech by saying this • Rome now conquered Greece and parts of southwest Asia

40. Rome as an empire • Rome did not have an emperor, but it ruled an empire • A state containing several countries or territories • Divided into provinces where magistrates governed (cruelly and corruptly) • A province is an area within a country or empire

41. Use pages 380-381 Who was Hannibal? What did he do?

42. Tuesday, April 22, 2014 • Homework: • Complete class work (Comparing Roman army before and after reforms) • Chapter 12 test Friday! • Do Now: • Please have out your homework from last night • Please complete the vocabulary matching sheet on your desks (all of chapter 12)

43. Conquest causing problems Although Rome had become powerful and wealthy, rules were broken and there were many problems Magistrates became wealthy by stealing from people in the provinces Politicians used violence Government stopped working

44. Rome grows rich, Romans get poor • Landowners and employers bought slaves to do the work the poor Romans used to do. • Tenant farmers lost their livelihood • The government feared that the poor would start a rebellion • They began giving out free grain

45. Politicians Supported reforms Appealed to the poor to win office More elite traditional politicians opposed them

46. The Army • Gaius Marius reformed the Roman army • Changed or improved • Now even poor Romans could join the army • The government would pay for their equipment • Retired soldiers needed land to live on and because it was provided, they became more loyal

47. From Republic to Empire • Army commanders turned their armies against their enemies and the senate • Civil war broke out • Pompey conquered parts of southweat Asia, Caesar conquered Gual • The two ran the government together, but ignored customs and laws

48. Wednesday, April 23, 2014 • Homework: • Complete classwork – Page 384 1-7, 9, 10 • Chapter 12 test Friday! • Do Now: • Please have your homework out and ready to hand in • In the next space available in your notes please answer – Is a stronger army always a good thing? Explain

49. From Republic to Empire • Pompey and Caesar fought • The senate sided with Pompey and ordered Caesar to give up his legions • Civil war broke out • Caesar marched across the Rubicon River and rook control of Rome • He declared himself dictator for life

50. From Republic to Empire • Caesar angered senators with this dictator proclamation • “Beware the Ides of March” – Caesar was killed on March 15, 44 BC • Octavian takes over and promises to avenge Caesar’s death • He soon ruled Rome and changed his name to Augustus • This means “honored one”