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Understanding System Units: Types, Components, and Function

This chapter discusses the four basic types of system units, binary codes, major system unit components, system boards, microprocessors, memory, system clock, expansion slots, ports, cables, and power supply.

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Understanding System Units: Types, Components, and Function

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  1. 6 CHAPTER THE SYSTEM UNIT

  2. Competencies • Describe the four basic types of system units • Discuss how a computer uses binary codes • Describe the major system unit components • Describe system boards, microprocessors, and memory • Describe the function of the system clock, expansion slots, boards, and bus lines • Discuss ports, cables, and power supply Page 148

  3. System UnitsMicrocomputers • Desktop • Notebook • Tablet PC • Handheld Page 150

  4. Electronic Data and Instructions • Data and instructions are represented electronically • Computers recognize digital signals • Binary system • Bit • Byte Page 152

  5. Binary Coding Scheme • Two state system • Off/on electrical states • Characters represented by 0s and 1s • Three types of coding schemes • ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Exchange • EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code • Unicode – handles languages with large numbers of characters Page 152

  6. Binary Code Page 152

  7. System Board • Connects all components • Allows communication between devices • Main board or motherboard • Circuit board electronic components • Sockets • Slots • Bus lines Page 154

  8. Microprocessor • Central Processing Unit (CPU ) • Two basic components • Control unit • Arithmetic-logic unit Page 156

  9. Microprocessor Chips • Chip capacities are expressed in word sizes • Types of microprocessor chips • CISC chips: Complex instruction set computer chips • Most widely used design • Used by Intel • RISC chips: Reduced instruction set computer chips • Uses fewer instructions • Design is simpler and less costly • Used by the PowerPC Page 157

  10. Specialty Processors • Graphics coprocessors • Parallel processors • Smart cards Page 157

  11. Memory • Holding area for data, instructions, and information • Types of memory chips • RAM – holds programs and data • ROM – fixed start-up instructions • CMOS – flexible start-up instructions Page 158

  12. Memory Capacity Page 159

  13. System Clock • Important measurement indicating speed • Located on a small chip • Produces electrical beats • Synchronizes operations • Expressed in gigahertz (GHz) (billions of beats per second) • Faster clock speed, faster computer Page 160

  14. Expansion Slots and Cards • Allow for new devices to be added • Open architecture • Slots provide for expansion • Expansion cards are also called … • Plug-in boards • Controller cards • Adapter cards • Interface cards Page 161

  15. Commonly Used Expansion Cards • Video cards (graphics cards) • Sound cards • Modem cards (internal modems) • Network interface cards (NIC) • TV tuner cards • PC cards (PCMCIA cards) Modem Card Inserting a PC card into a notebook Page 161

  16. Plug and Play • Set of hardware and software standards developed by Intel, Microsoft, and others • Creating devices that are able to configure themselves when installed Page 161

  17. Bus Lines • Connect parts of the CPU to each other • Data roadway for traveling bits • Measured as bus width • More lanes, faster traffic • Two basic categories • System buses • Expansion buses Page 164

  18. Types of Expansion Buses • Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) • Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) • Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) • Universal serial bus (USB) • FireWire buses Bus Pathway Page 164

  19. Ports • Socket for connecting external devices • Four common ports • Serial • Parallel • USB • FireWire • Cables are used to connect exterior devices to the system via the ports Ports Page 165

  20. Power Supply Unit AC adapter Power Supply • Computers require direct current (DC) • DC power provided by converting alternating current (AC) from wall outlets or batteries • Desktop computers use power supply units • Notebooks and handhelds use AC adapters Page 166

  21. A Look to the FutureXybernaut Corporation • Wearable computers • Called POMA • Includes… • Windows CE • Wireless pointing device • Head-mounted display • MP3 player • Abridged Windows Office programs Page 167

  22. Discussion Questions • Describe the four basic types of system units. • Describe the two basic components of the CPU. • What are the differences and similarities between the three types of memory? • Identify five expansion cards and describe the function of each. • Identify and describe four standard ports. Page 174

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