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The Peripheral Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System. Facts about the PNS. All nerves that are not encased in bone. Everything but the brain and spinal cord. Is divided into two categories…. somatic and autonomic . Video. Somatic Nervous System. Controls voluntary muscle movement.

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The Peripheral Nervous System

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  1. The Peripheral Nervous System

  2. Facts about the PNS • All nerves that are not encased in bone. • Everything but the brain and spinal cord. • Is divided into two categories….somatic and autonomic. • Video

  3. Somatic Nervous System Controls voluntary muscle movement. Uses motor (efferent) neurons.

  4. Autonomic Nervous System Controls the automatic functions of the body. Divided into two categories…the sympathetic and the parasympathetic Video

  5. Sympathetic Nervous System Fight or Flight Response. Automatically accelerates heart rate, breathing, dilates pupils, slows down digestion.

  6. Parasympathetic Nervous System Automatically slows the body down after a stressful event. Heart rate and breathing slow down, pupils constrict and digestion speeds up.

  7. What happens in Fight/Flight?What happens after?

  8. Reflexes Normally, sensory (afferent) neurons take info up through spine to the brain. Some reactions occur when sensory neurons reach just the spinal cord. Survival adaptation.

  9. Genetics ….our blueprint for life

  10. General information: • All physical and some personality traits are determined by our genes. • Identical twins reared apart are ideal for studying genetic make up versus the effects of environment. (nature vs. nurture.) • Genes are all pervasive, but not all powerful

  11. Did you know? • There exists a real genetic disorder that makes individuals smell like rotting fish. • Its called Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) • List of genetic disorders

  12. Building blocks of us… • Genes are passed down from parent to child. • 23 chromosomes from mother via egg. • 23 chromosomes from father via sperm. • Chromosomes are made up of DNA. • DNA is made of genes. • Genes are made of nucleotides. • 4 Nucleotides symbolized by letters A,T,C,G.

  13. Did you know… • Humans are 99.4% identical – only .1% of our genetic makeup differs.

  14. Genetic Factors… • Dominant v. Recessive Traits • The 23 chromosomes taken from each parent form pairs and determine many traits like hair and eye color. • If either parent contributes a dominate trait that will be expressed. • If both parents contribute a recessive gene, the trait will be expressed.

  15. Did you know… • If the total DNA in one person were laid in a straight line, it would stretch to the sun and back over 600 times

  16. Dominant v. Recessive TraitsList online • Man with attached earlobe (left) and man with free earlobe (right). • Woman with widow's peak (left) and woman with no widow's peak (right).

  17. Eye coloring brown eyes Vision farsightedness normal vision Hair dark hairnon-red haircurly hairfull head of hairwidow's peak Facial features dimplesunattached earlobesfrecklesbroad lips Appendages extra digitsfused digitsshort digitsfingers lack 1 jointlimb dwarfingclubbed thumbdouble-jointedness Incomplete List of Dominant Traits

  18. Why are twins so special? • Two types of twins: • Fraternal (dyzygotic) • Develop from separate eggs • Different genotype (no more similar than non twin siblings) • Identical (monozygotic) • Develop from same egg and sperm • Same genotype, different phenotype • Phenotype is the interaction of heredity and environment that causes observable characteristics. • Genotype is the genetic constitution of an individual.

  19. Twins Best way to really study genetics because they come from the same zygote. Bouchard Study .69 Correlational coefficient for IQ tests of identical twins raised apart. .88 raised together.

  20. Heritability • Heritability • “difference among people” • Def: the extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes.

  21. How are traits expressed? • The Punnett square shows every possible combination when combining one maternal DNA with one paternal DNA. • Assume both organisms have the genotypeBb. They can produce gametes that contain either the B or b DNA. • The probability of an individual offspring having the genotype BB is 25%, Bb is 50%, and bb is 25%.

  22. Genotype v. Phenotype https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLVulUy7T7E Genotype is ______________ Phenotype is ______________

  23. Draw your own Punnett Square for the earlobe example in the video.

  24. The Genetic Revolution • Scientists have mapped the human genome. • See http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/chooser.shtml • Consider the following questions in groups of 4:

  25. If it were possible, would you want to take a test telling you which diseases you are likely to suffer from later in life? Why?

  26. If you or your spouse were pregnant, would you want to unborn child tested for genetic defects? Why?

  27. Do you think it should be legal for employers to use genetic testing in deciding whom to hire?Why?

  28. Evolutionary Psychology • Focus mostly on what makes us so much alike as humans. • Natural Selection is used as a cornerstone to understand the roots of behavior and mental processes.

  29. Fundamental foundation to Modern Psychology

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