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技术创新视角下企业寻租理论分析. Analysis of a Rent-Seeking Theory from Enterprise Technology Innovation. 一、寻租的涵义及其实现形式. 寻租（ Rent seeking ），占有或获取具有固定供给量的生产要素的要求权的努力，即寻求直接非生产性利润 ( Directly Unproductive Profit-seeking ) 的活动。. 1. Definition of Rent seeking.
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技术创新视角下企业寻租理论分析 Analysis of a Rent-Seeking Theory from Enterprise Technology Innovation
一、寻租的涵义及其实现形式 • 寻租（Rent seeking），占有或获取具有固定供给量的生产要素的要求权的努力，即寻求直接非生产性利润(Directly Unproductive Profit-seeking)的活动。
1. Definition of Rent seeking • Rent seeking generally implies the extraction of uncompensated value from others without making any contribution to productivity, such as by gaining control of land and other pre-existing natural resources, or by imposing burdensome regulations or other government decisions that may affect consumers or businesses.
寻租与正常寻利的区别 • 寻利（Profit seeking），即是在正常的市场秩序下，人们根据自己的资本、能力和机会所从事的利益最大化努力，其结果是能够带来社会福利的改善。 • 寻租（Rent seeking），占有或获取具有固定供给量的生产要素的要求权的努力，即寻求直接非生产性利润(Directly Unproductive Profit-seeking)的活动。
Rent seeking is different from profit seeking- it defined as Directly Unproductive Profit-seeking
美国明尼苏达大学教授安•克鲁格在《寻租社会的政治经济学》一文中提出:“在多数市场导向的经济中，政府对经济活动的管制比比皆是。这些管制导致各种形式的租金，以及人们经常为这些租金而展开竞争。在某些场合，这种竞争是完全合法的。在另一些场合，寻租采取其他形式，如贿赂、腐败、走私和黑市” • “In many market-oriented economies, government restrictions upon economic activity are pervasive facts of life. These restrictions give rise to rents of a variety of forms, and people often compete for the rents. Sometimes, such competition is perfectly legal. In other instances, rent seeking takes other forms, such as bribery, corruption, smuggling, and black markets.” • ---Anne O . Krueger • the political Economy of the rent-seeking society
二、技术创新的概念 • 技术创新（Technology Innovation），是指从新产品或新工艺设想的产生开始，经过研究与发展、工程化、商业化生产，直至市场应用，取得良好经济收益的完整过程的一系列活动。 技术创新
2. Definition of tech-innovation • The Technological Innovation is a concept developed within the scientific field of innovation studies which serves to explain the nature and rate of technological change.
technological innovation system • A Technological Innovation System can be defined as ‘a dynamic network of agents interacting in a specific economic/industrial area under a particular institutional infrastructure and involved in the generation, diffusion, and utilization of technology’
三、企业作为寻租主体时的主要类型Major styles of enterprise as a Rent seeker
4. Causes of enterprise rent-seeking under tech-innovation • (1)The Stimulation of Profit Maximizatio • (2)To control the costs of R&D • (3)Monopoly privilege
Cost of rent-seeking • We set an example of thieves, whom we treat as rent-seekers. • 1) Cost of Theft=C-C1+L • The cost of theft to society is the loss to the victim (C), minus the gain to the thief (C1), plus the opportunity cost to the thief of stealing (L).
2) P=MR=MC • In perfect competition resources earn the same return in all employments and the thief earns zero economic profit so L=C. Profit from investment of R&D equal marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC), it means that all investment for R&D transfer to profit.
3) P＞MR=MC • Technology renew maximization is required by entire industry. when there is rent-seeker , Profit from investment of R&D greater than marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC)
五、寻租行为对企业技术创新所造成的影响 • 在传统企业理论中(很大程度上忽略了均衡的条件以及企业家个人行为)，寻租行为的出现会导致均衡点（Equilibrium）左移，均衡产量（Equilibrium quantity）下降，消费者剩余（Consumer surplus）的区域受到挤压，同时生产者剩余也会减少，从而对社会福利（Welfare）造成损害，对整个社会的技术创新也产生破坏。
5. Affection of rent-seeking for tech-innovation • According to the traditional economic enterprise theory, Equilibrium will move left under the force of rent-seeking. Equilibrium quantity will be reduced. Consumer surplus area will be Extrusion. It will harm for the welfare of entire society.
六、企业技术创新过程中寻租行为的负效应分析六、企业技术创新过程中寻租行为的负效应分析
6. Negative effects • Tech-innovation will be inhibited • Harm for the Upgrading of Industrial Structure • Efficiency of government regulation will be reduced
谢 谢！ Thankyou
