Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 Nation Building and Nationalism

2. Life in the 1820s was very different from that of the 1780s and 1790s • Lafayette noticed this when he visited in 1824 • Then on 4 July 1826, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died • The old world was ending and a new one beginning

3. Population • Between 1760 and 1880, our population grew by 1290% • Our population had doubled every 23 years • European population doubled every 100 years • We can attribute this to both natural increase and immigration • There was a baby boom right after the revolution

4. Availability of land encouraged men and women to marry young • The more children one had, the more hands there were to work the land • As fewer children died during childhood, parents started to limit the size of their families • By 1830, 1/3 of the population was under the age of 10

5. Immigration also caused a rise in population • U.S. ideals seemed to promote immigration • Asylum for the oppressed • All were welcome • Some came for political reasons • Others came for economic reasons • Citizenship only given to whites, mostly Europeans

6. James Monroe • During his presidency, land was peacefully acquired • This land offered new opportunities to those willing to move • He served 2 terms, 1816 – 1824

7. Monroe’s time in office was known as the “Era of Good Feelings” • Monroe was a • A Virginian • Eccentric in dress • Successful as president • Had political good luck • Got to preside over the calm before the next storm • John Quincy Adams was his Sec. of State

8. John Quincy Adams • Son of John and Abigail Adams • Diplomat to Russia • Senator • Later became the 6th president of the United States • After the presidency, he bacame a member of the House of Representatives • Brilliantly successful as Secretary of State • Strove for peaceful expansion

10. J.Q.A.’s Accomplishments • Gained political distance from Europe by acquiring territory from Spain • Gained fishing rights in the Atlantic • Got land through negotiation, not war • Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817 • An agreement with Britain to limit Great Lakes Naval Forces; 1st disarmament treaty

11. Convention of 1818 • Fixed the U.S. – Canadian border west to the Rocky Mountains at the 49th parallel

12. Adams-Onis Treaty or the Transcontinental Treaty, 1819 • Spain ceded Florida to The U.S. for $5 million • It defined the southern border of the Louisiana purchase • It gave the U.S. territorial claims extending to the Pacific • Map, p. 257

13. Monroe Doctrine, 1823 • Written by John Quincy Adams • Issued in response to the independence of Latin American republics • Initially, Britain made a proposal for joint action with U.S.; Adams rejected this insisting that U.S. must act independently to avoid foreign entanglements • Announced by Monroe in his last message to Congress

14. Monroe said there was to be no more colonization of the Western Hemisphere by European nations • There was to be no intervention by Europe in the affairs of the independent New World nations • This was to be the foundation of American foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere • We weren’t really strong enough in in 1823 to enforce this

15. Missouri Compromise • In 1819 the question of slavery was brought before the Congress when Missouri asked to be admitted to the Union as a slave state • At this time, there were 22 states in the Union • 11 states were free : Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois

16. 11 states were slave : Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, & Louisiana • Political balance had been kept by admitting alternately from 1802 – 1819, a slave and then a free state • Even with the 3/5 ratio operating in the slave states’ favor, they only had 81 votes in the House of Representatives; free states had105

17. And the population of the North seemed to be growing faster than that in the South • To preserve sectional balance, the South looked to its equal vote in the Senate • February, 1819, when the House was considering admitting Missouri to the Union as a slave state, Representative James Tallmadge, Jr. of New York offered an amendment

18. The amendment prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and provided for the emancipation at age 25 of all slave offspring born after Missouri became a state • There was bitter debate • The House passed the Tallmadge Amendment • The Senate struck it from the Missouri bill

19. Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was then admitted as a free state to keep the balance; it was then 12 free, 12 slave

20. Slavery was then forever prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of 36 degrees, 30’ latitude of Missouri’s southern border • Map, p. 273

21. Settlement • Many wished to settle in all this new territory • It was generally thought that Native Americans would have to be displaced • As a result of military defeats, there were only small pockets of Indians in the Ohio Valley and in the N.W. Territories • Many Native Americans had already moved west of the Mississippi

22. The last stand of Indians in this region was from 1831-1832 when the Sac and Fox Indians under Chief Black Hawk refused to move from their lands east of the Mississippi • They were pushed west to the river’s edge where they were almost exterminated by federal troops & the Illinois militia while trying to cross and go west; they were doomed

23. The federal government used a combination of deception, bribery, and threats to get the Indians to move further west • Settlers poured in • By 1840, 1/3 of Americans lived beyond the Appalachians • Many bought land for $1.25 per acre • People moved in groups looking for something familiar

24. Mountain men like Kit Carson, Jedidiah Smith, and Jim Beckwourth struck out on their own; pictures, p. 258 • Mountain men would meet up with Native Americans and company agents at a Rendezvous in Pinedale, Wyoming to trade furs in exchange for food, ammunition, and needed goods

26. There was a growing need for more food to feed those in the ever-growing cities • So transportation needed to be improved: roads, railroads, & canals • These resulted from the Industrial Revolution

27. Industrial Revolution • Did more than just change the way products were made • Changed people’s jobs, how they lived, and what they used in their daily lives • Changed transportation systems and created towns • Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in 1764 when new machines were invented and introduced

28. Spinning Jenny -- by James Hargreaves in 1764; used for spinning yarn but of poor quality • Water Frame -- by Richard Arkwright; spun multiple strands of yarn at one time; was of higher quality • Steam Engine -- by James Watts; used to power the inventions so water power was no longer necessary

29. Spinning Jenny

30. Water frame

31. Steam engine

32. By early 1800s, most spinning was being done in factories called “safe houses” • Britain tried to keep their technology secret, but British immigrants brought their knowledge to the U.S. • Samuel Slater in 1790 started the first textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island

33. Industry really didn’t take hold until we were cut off from imported goods during the War of 1812 • Francis Cabot Lowell and the Boston Associates set up industry in Massachusetts after visiting Britain in 1811 • Lowell felt the U.S. could set up a better system of factories • They eventually did in Lowell, Lawrence, and Chicopee, Massachusetts; used Mill Girls

34. U.S. was a good place for industry • We had a shortage of labor and machines could do the work of several men • We had natural resources: rivers, streams, & coal • We had investors • We had inventors and inventions: • Cyrus McCormick and his reaper • Samuel F.B. Morse and the telegraph, 1832 • Charles Goodyear & vulcanized rubber,1844 • Eli Whitney and his interchangeable parts

35. We improved transportation to get raw materials to the factories and the finished goods to market • We created railroads, roads, and canals • Our rivers ran mainly north to south • We needed routes from east to west • So the Erie Canal was built in New York 1817-1825 • Artificial water route, 364 miles long

36. It connected Buffalo to Albany and the Hudson River, then on to New York City • End result was an unbroken water route from the Atlantic to the Great Lakes • The canal cut transportation costs • It also cut the time involved from 26 days to 6 days Other canals were built, like the C & O that connects Washington, D.C. with Cumberland, but it wasn’t as successful

37. Railroads • Began in Britain in 1825 • Soon after track were also laid in America • By 1830s, builders laid 3,000 lines of track • By 1860s, there were 30,000 miles of track • Railroads were more reliable than waterways – no freezing • But there were some problems • Different gauge track (different sizes) • Railroad bridges took long time to build

38. Roads --- National Road (Rt. 40) • Wherever one found roads, railroads, or canals, towns would spring up • If a town was bypassed, then that town would probably become a ghost town • Immigrants often supplied the labor for the building of these roads, railroads, and canals • Irish – sometimes the only job open to them • Chinese – not many job choices open to them

39. Classes • Distinct classes began forming • Upper Class – lived away from factories and town centers, belonged to clubs, and had indoor plumbing • Working Class – lived near factories and made low wages • There was a new class emerging, the Middle Class • Salesmen, clerks, bookkeepers, accountants, & other white collar workers

40. The middle class gave hope to the working class • One could work his way up the ladder of success: • Through education • Moving west for new opportunities • Through the lyceum movement • Libraries • Museums Life was changing; the old world was gone