Freshwater – Issues and Conflicts Partial Review Game

1. Freshwater – Issues and Conflicts Partial Review Game

2. Define drainage basin. The area drained by a river and its tributaries.

3. When looking at a drainage basin as an open system, list three stores in the system. - Interception - Surface storage - Soil water storage - Vegetation storage - Groundwater storage - Channel storage

4. When looking at a drainage basin as an open system, list three transfers in the system.

5. Give an example of a positive feedback loop in a drainage basin.

6. Define maximum sustainable yield in the context of freshwater. The maximum level of extraction of water that can be maintained indefinitely for a given area. What has Orange County in California done to try to avoid exceeding the maximum sustainable yield of its freshwater supply? - old gravel pits collect water from the river and divert it into recharge basins where it can percolate into the groundwater- upstream wastewater is treated and returned to the river

7. Identify four potential causes for a changing balance between water stored in oceans and ice. Global warming potentially caused by:- increased shortwave radiation from the sun - increased levels of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere (i.e. water vapour, CO2 from fossil fuels, methane) absorbing more longwave radiation from the earth’s surface - alteration of earth’s orbit around the sun- alteration in the earth’s tilt - warm phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation- El Nino (shorter term impact)

8. In the context of the Arctic, identify three potential economic consequences of this changing balance in a warmer world. - negative consequences for traditional Inuit culture – ice based hunting = more dangerous with thin ice + changes in migration routes for caribou- communities may need to move due to threat of coastal erosion in the Arctic or investment in mitigation strategies - melting permafrost and greater amount of thermokarst poses infrastructure challenges- greater economic opportunities in the oil and gas industry in the Arctic Ocean basin + opening of the Northwest Passage for trade

9. Tuktoyaktuk Population: 929 a) Spell the name of the Arctic community above.b) To within +/- 100, how many people live there?

10. To which community is “Tuk” connected via ice roads during the winter?

11. What term is used to describe a global rise in sea level ? eustatic What is base level? The lowest level to which erosion by running water can take place. What is considered a negative change in base level and what could cause this? When sea level falls in relation to the land eg ice age – more water stored in ice on land or delta formation (or the land rises in relation to the sea); isostatic rebound or plate movement

12. List five major controls in a drainage basin that would significantly influence a storm hydrograph. - Types of Precipitation (eg convectional thunderstorms = shorter lag time + risk of flash floods in some areas)- Drainage Basin Shape (eg circular basin = shorter lag time and higher peak discharge)- Temperature (eg higher evapotranspiration rates in deserts results in ephemeral rivers)- Land Use (eg forested area vs. urban area)- Rock Type (i.e. permeability)- Soil Type (i.e. sandy vs. clay)- Drainage Density (i.e. number of surface streams in a given area)- Tides and storm surges (eg Boundary Bay in South Delta – big concern with high tide and strong SE winds)

13. Antecedent Precipitation - precipitation already in the ground What is a key factor accounting for this peak in discharge?

14. What is drainage density? The total length of all the streams within the drainage basin (L) divided by the area of the whole basin (A). A drainage basin is more likely to flood if its drainage density is….? High Match each hydrograph to the correct basin. P = ZQ = XR = Y

15. How does a storm hydrograph for a river near a major urban area typically differ from one near a forested area and why?

16. List three specific measures taken in the Clayton Heights area in new developments to lengthen lag time, reduce peak discharge, reduce flood risk, and increase filtration. Disconnected Roof Leaders

17. Lots of Top Soil

18. Road Swales Curb cut

19. watershed

20. braiding

21. Mississippi river delta = bird’s foot or digitate delta

22. River terrace: remnant of a former floodplain, following vertical erosion caused by rejuvenation, has been left high and dry above the maximum level of present-day flooding; often excellent sites for locations of towns

23. Name and describe three methods of transport in a river. Name and describe three methods of erosion by a river other than vertical, headward, or lateral erosion. - corrasion / abrasion- attrition- hydraulic action- solution / corrosion: related to the chemical composition of the water; eg concentration of carbonic acid which dissolves materials

24. The maximum size of material which a river is capable of transporting is called the _________________________. competence The total load actually transported is called the _____________________. capacity ?

25. List three natural causes for the 1997 Red River Flood described as the “Flood of the Century”? • Twice as much snow as normal over the course of winter • Ice jams on the river • - Spring blizzard (Apri 5-8) followed by heavy rain

26. List four things that were done to try to reduce the risk of flooding directly in Winnipeg. • Military and volunteers called in to sandbag and extend the dike on the western side of the city • The Red river floodway was engaged to divert some of the floodwater around the east side of the city • Ice jams dynamited • Pumps brought in • Evacuations • Animals and grain moved to higher ground

27. What was a controversy regarding the flood mitigation efforts? Were small communities sacrificed in terms of time, effort, and money to protect Winnipeg (Population: 500 000) from major flooding? What was the economic damage from the 1997 flooding (+/- $50 million)? > $500 million Since its completion in 1968, it is estimated that the 48 km long Red river Floodway which has been engaged over 20 times, has saved Winnipeg how much in damage costs? $10 billion

28. Since 2005, the Floodway has undergone a doubling of its capacity and is ready to minimize the impact of a flood that would happen only once every ….? 700 years confluence

29. Aswan Dam, Egypt – vertical air photo

30. Aswan Dam, Egypt List four advantages List four disadvantages

31. Advantages - Massive Lake Nasser behind the dam = water supply for irrigation and drinking + fishing and recreation- Hydroelectricity for industrialization and urbanization - Flood protection downstream below the dam

32. Disadvantages • - Displacement of humans + habitat destruction with the formation of the lake- Build up of sediments behind the dam may clog turbines • Nutrients trapped behind the dam hinder the sardine industry downstream • Nile delta shrinking due to lack of sediments downstream • Greater reliance on chemical fertilizers in agriculture due to lack of natural replenishment of the soil via alluvial deposits with previous flooding • - Rise in the water table downstream (i.e. in Cairo) weakens building foundations + drawing up of water via evaporation and capillary action damages the surfaces of ancient features (i.e. Sphinx and pyramids)

33. Describe two negative consequences of groundwater extraction for Houston, Texas. Houston, Texas – 3m of subsidence over 40 years of over pumping = property damage + become more vulnerable to flooding eg Crystal Cove suburb abandoned

34. Evaluate the management strategy for Burns Bog as a wetland. Cite one pro and a con.

35. Most of the Bog is now designated as an Ecological Conservancy Area “A key element of the Management Plan is that it looks at Burns Bog from an ecosystem perspective.  This means that the management focus is on maintaining and restoring the ecological integrity of the bog ecosystem.  If a plan only focuses on certain species and neglects larger ecosystem processes, there is a risk of losing the ecosystem that supports the very species that one is hoping to protect.  The focus for Burns Bog is to sustain and restore raised bog processes, thereby also providing habitat for many rare and endangered bog species and plant communities.” Source: http://www.burnsbog.ca/management_plan.html

37. Some parts of the Bog are still not part of the ecological conservancy area and thus activities in those areas could alter Bog habitat (eg farming, landfill expansion – although leachates are collected) + activities just outside the Bog could alter it i.e. South Fraser Perimeter Road

39. Better River Basin Management: “prrbddc” • Plough with the contours, terrace farming • Ranchland management i.e. put animals in a pen • Reforestation / afforestation / practice silviculture • Build dikes • Dam • Dredge sediments and gravel from the river bed to increase carrying capacity • Canals to channel water for irrigation and drinking water

40. Final Jeopardy

41. 1) Excess phostates and nitrates in waterways can lead to the rapid growth of biomass, a process known as …? 2) Salinization in arid or semi-arid environments is promoted by what process in the soil?

42. 1) eutrophication 2) Capillary action