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Agenda

Agenda. Block-Level vs. Inline Elements (tags) Manipulating Text <br />, &nbsp, <blockquote> Text Characteristics <b>,<big>,<cite>,<code>,<em>,<i>, <kbd>,<pre>,<s>,<strike>,<strong>, <sub>,<sup>,<tt>,<u>,<var> Font Attributes: size, color, face Horizontal Rule.

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Agenda

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  1. Agenda • Block-Level vs. Inline Elements (tags) • Manipulating Text • <br />, &nbsp, <blockquote> • Text Characteristics • <b>,<big>,<cite>,<code>,<em>,<i>, <kbd>,<pre>,<s>,<strike>,<strong>,<sub>,<sup>,<tt>,<u>,<var> • Font • Attributes: size, color, face • Horizontal Rule

  2. Block-level vs. Inline Elements • Tags (elements) contained in the body section of the web page are of two types: • Block-Level Elements • Blank line above and below structured element. Used to create “larger structures” (eg. Paragraphs, headings, etc…) • Block-level elements may contain in-line elements or other block-level elements • Inline Elements • No blank line above and below element • Inline elements can only contain data and other inline elements Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Texttexttext Refer to web page www.htmlhelp.com as a guide to follow

  3. Block-Level Elements • Headings • The tags <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6> are display headings. • Level 1 headings <h1> are the most prominent (largest) headings, and level 6 headings <h6> are the least prominent (smallest). • Headings are usually displayed in a bolder, larger font than normal text. • Heading elements start on a new line. All browsers add extra space before heading elements. • Closing Tags are required (i.e. </h1>, </h2> … </h6>)

  4. Block-Level Elements • paragraphs • The <p> tag displays a paragraph • All <p> elements start on a new line and are usually preceded by extra space • You can also use the <p> tag to insert a line break with extra space. To insert a line break without adding extra space, use the <br /> tag • A closing tag is required. Refer to INT222 web page for examples of body attributes, comments, headings and paragraph tags

  5. Block-Level Elements • <blockquote> • Indents a paragraph • <blockquote> works almost like <p> tag, except the whole paragraph will be indented one tab – 5 spaces. • A closing tag is required. • <pre> • Displays text as is (i.e. suppresses interpretation of some HTML/XHTML tags) • A closing tag is required. • Allows author to add spaces and new lines without having to revert to special codes such as &nbsp; or <br />

  6. Block-Level Elements • <hr /> Horizontal Rule (i.e. line) • This tag will put a line across a screen. You can use a horizontal rule to visually divide information or sections. • Here are attributes that can change the look of the horizontal rule (line): • width – changes the width of line in terms of pixels (dots of light) or percentage of screen( eg. <hr width=‘120’ /> or <hr width=‘65%’ /> ) • size – changes the thickness of the line(eg. <hr size=‘5’ />) • noshade – sets line to display no shading(eg. <hr noshade=‘noshade’ /> ) Note: Refer to “Murray Saul’s Class Notes” for examples and links to other block-level tags.

  7. Manipulating Text • Spacing in HTML/XHTML is very different from the normal way we think of spacing in any text editor. This is because, browsers don’t count white space such as carriage returns, a series of spaces and tabs. • To get this same effect, you will need to use special tags or special codes.

  8. Manipulating Text • <br /> • Equivalent to a Carriage Return (i.e. start on next line) • &nbsp; • Will automatically add one space (non-breaking space) • To indent 5 times, then repeat code 5 times(i.e. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;) Note: special characters require use of &# followed by a decimal code (eg. ASCII) of character, followed by a semicolon ; . For example &#60; would display a less-than sign <(refer to special code chart on INT222 in week 3 notes)

  9. Text Characteristics • This section deals with tags that set text characteristics. • All tags appearing in this section are inline tags that have an opening and closing tag.

  10. Text Characteristics • <b>text</b> • Displays text in boldface type • <big>text</big> • Increases the font size from its current value by 1. It has the same effect as using the font tag with a size value of +1 • <cite>text</cite> • Displays text in a different style to indicate that is a citation. Netscape display citations in italics • <code>text</code> • Displays text in the browser’s default fixed-width font. • For large sections of text where formatting is important, use the <pre> or <xmp> tags to preserve the space characters and line breaks.

  11. Text Characteristics • <em>text</em> • Displays text in a emphasized style. Netscape displays emphasized text in italics. • <i>text</i> • Displays text in italic • <kbd>text</kbd> • Displays text in a special font that is meant to indicate that the user should type the text on the keyboard. Netscape displays the specified text in the current fixed-width font.

  12. Text Characteristics • <s>text</s> • Displays text with a line (strike through it). • The <s> tag has the same effect as the <strike> tag. • <small>text<small> • Reduces the font size from its current value by 1. It has the same effect as using the <font> tag with a size value of –1 • <strike>text</strike> • Displays text with a line (strike) through it. The <strike> tag has the same effect as the <s> tag. • <strong>text</strong> • Displays text with a strong emphasis. • Netscape uses boldface to indicate strong emphasis.

  13. Text Characteristics • <sub>text</sub> • Displays text as a subscript. • A subscript appears slightly below the baseline (bottom edge) and in a smaller font. • <sup>text</sup> • Displays text as a superscript. A superscript appears slightly above the top of the preceding text and in a smaller font. • <tt>text</tt> • Displays text in the fixed width (typewriter) font. It usually has the same result as the <kbd> and <code> tags. • <u>text</u> • Underlines the text it encloses. Gaps between words in the enclosed text are also underlined.

  14. Text Characteristics • <var>text</var> • Displays text in a special font to show that it is a variable. Netscape displays <var> tag in italic. • <font>text</font> • The <font> tag allows you to change the color, size, and typeface (font family) of the font. • All text between the tags is displayed with the specified the specified font characteristics relative to the default font for the browser

  15. Text Characteristics • Font Attributes: Font Size, Font Color • <font size=‘+2’>text</font> • Used to change the font size of text (or parts of your web page). • <font color=‘#0000FF’>text</font> • Used to change the color of font. Although, color names like ‘red’ can be used, it is suggested to use browser-safe colors. • Hexadecimal numbers accompany the number sign # to display mixers of Red, Blue and Green to create the color.

  16. Text Characteristics • Font Attributes: Font Face • <font face=‘helvetica’>text</font> • Used to change the font face (style). • If the font you include on your web pages isn’t on someone else’s computer, then the browser will use the default – Arial. • You can use more than one font face by using a comma. If the first one is not available, then use second one, etc… Note: Refer to “Murray Saul’s Class Notes” for examples and links to other In-line tags.

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