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Non-finite clauses. Group 7. Participle clause. participial clauses = adverbial clauses Participial clauses often express condition, reason, cause, result or time. EX : Having taken the wrong train, I found myself in Bath, not Bristol.
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Non-finite clauses Group 7
Participle clause • participial clauses = adverbial clausesParticipial clauses often express condition, reason, cause, result or time. EX: Having taken the wrong train, I found myself in Bath, not Bristol. (Because I had taken the wrong train, I found myself in Bath, not Bristol.)
Present Participle- continuous and active action EX: Seeing an accident ahead, I stopped my car. (I noticed that there had been an accident ahead and stopped my car.) • Past Participle- completed and passive action . EX: Having seen an accident ahead, I stopped my car. (When I saw the accident ahead, I stopped my car.)
Infinitive Clauses • We use both the full infinitive (e.g. to drink) and the bare infinitive (e.g. drink) • Full infinitive: • As the subject of another clause: To give up now seems stupid. • As the complement of another clause: Our only option is to get up even earlier in the mornings. • Attached to another clause: I came all the way to find out what had happened.
Bare infinitive clauses: • After rather than: Rather than open a new packet, why don’t you finish up the remains of this one? • As the complement of a pseudo-cleft sentence: What you should do is try to open it with a knife. • Attached to another clause-after ”sense” verbs (e.g. hear; see) : I didn’t see anyone come into the room.
Verbless clauses • Although willing to lend a hand, he’s never around when you actually need help.------> Although (he is) willing…… • Without hope, he staggered on.-------> Without (having) hope,…..
Verbless clauses • We often introduce verbless clauses with-conjunction:although-preposition:without-prepositional phrase:at that time
Typical difficulties for learners comprehension • Learners don’t recognize and understand the structure of the sentence. • They may recognize the structure but have difficulty in locating. • See example P.370
Typical difficulties for learners Speaking and writing • Avoidance Learners use non-finite clauses far less than native speakers. * Example: P.372
Typical difficulties for learners • Choosing the wrong forms • Using for+-ing instead of a full infinitive. * We went to Woolworth’s for buying our spring bulbs. ->We went to Woolworth’s to buy our spring bulbs.
Using for+ bare infinitive instead of a full infinitive. * Go to England for study English better. ->Go to England for studying English better.
Using a present participle instead of a past participle. *The train robbery, thinking to be the greatest of the century, took place in 1963. -> The train robbery, being thoughtto be the greatest of the century, took place in 1963.
Using a full infinitive instead of a present participle. *I watched them to dance. -> I watched them dancing.