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Chapter 18:

Chapter 18:. Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration. Nomadic Economy and Society. Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale agriculture Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herding Food Clothing Shelter (yurts)

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Chapter 18:

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  1. Chapter 18: Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

  2. Nomadic Economy and Society • Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale agriculture • Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herding • Food • Clothing • Shelter (yurts) • Migratory patterns to follow pastureland • Small-scale farming, rudimentary artisanry

  3. Modern Mongolian Yurts Nomads in Turkmenistan

  4. Nomadic Economy • Trade links between nomadic and settled peoples • Nomads engage in long-distance travel • Caravan routes

  5. Nomadic Society • Governance basically clan-based • Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert authority • Unusually fluid status for nobility • Hereditary, but could be lost through incompetence • Advancement for meritorious non-nobles

  6. Nomadic Religion • Shamans center of pagan worship • Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Manichaeism from 6th century CE • Turkish script developed, partially to record religious teachings • Conversion to Islam in 10th century due to Abbasid influence

  7. Military Organization • Large confederations under a khan • Authority extended through tribal elders • Exceptionally strong cavalries • Mobility • Speed

  8. Turkish empires and their neighbors about 1210 CE

  9. Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid Empire • 8-10th centuries Turkish peoples on border of Abbasid empire • Service in Abbasid armies • Eventually came to dominate Abbasid caliphs • 1055 Saljuq leader Tughril Beg recognized as sultan • Tughril consolidated his hold on Baghdad, then extended rule to other parts of the empire • Abbasid caliphs served as figure heads of authority

  10. Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine Empire • 1071 Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine army at Manzikert, take emperor captive • Large-scale invasion of Anatolia • Many conversions to Islam • Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople 1453

  11. Ghaznavid Turks and the Sultanate of Delhi • Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan, invades northern India • At first for plunder, later to rule • Northern India completely dominated by 13th century • Persecution of Buddhists, Hindus

  12. Mongolian Steppes

  13. Mongol Warriors

  14. Mongol Archer

  15. Mongol Nobleman, Late 13 c.

  16. Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, Early 14 c

  17. Chinggis Khan (1167-1227) and the Making of the Mongol Empire • Temüjin, b. 1167 • Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into poverty • Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies • Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederation • 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan: “Universal Ruler”

  18. Genghis Khan 1162 - 1227 Originally named Temujin, the name Genghis Khan was taken by himself, meaning universal ruler. The Reflex Bow, the primary Mongol weapon.

  19. Mongol Political Organization • Broke up tribal organization • Formed military units from men of different tribes • Promoted officials on basis of merit and loyalty • Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at Karakorum

  20. Mongol Arms • Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population) • Army c. 100-125,000 • Strengths: • Cavalry • Short bows • Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to enemies who fight

  21. The Mongols Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. If you do not have children, we will take your wife. If you do not have a wife, we will take your head. Used cruelty as a weapon some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!

  22. Mongol Conquests • Conquest of China by 1220 • Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia • emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis Khan destroys ruler • Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions • Large-scale, long-term devastation

  23. The Mongol Empires about 1300 CE

  24. Khubilai Khan (r. 1264-1294) • Grandson of Chinggis Khan • Rule of China • Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerant • Hosted Marco Polo • Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) • Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java • Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: “divine winds”)

  25. Marco Polo 1254-1324 A Venetian merchant Traveled through YuanChina: 1271-1295 Sent on many diplomatic missions throughout Kublai’s empire. Served as governor in China for 3 years Wrote many novels documenting his travels

  26. Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368 Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] Tolerated Chinese culturebut lived apart from them No Chinese in top govt. posts Believed foreigners were moretrustworthy. Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China.

  27. Marco Polo’s Travels

  28. Yuan Golden Bowl, 13 c

  29. Yuan Porcelains & Ceramics

  30. The Golden Horde • While fierce, often brutal warriors, they were tolerant rulers. • Absolute rule of the Mongols influenced later Russian rulers. • Mongol rule isolated Russia from advancements in art & science of the Renaissance.

  31. The Golden Horde The grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu Khan, led Mongol armies into Russia and other eastern European territories between 1237 and 1241. Known as the Golden Horde, they ruled this region for 240 years. Conquest of Russia, 1237-1241 Established tributary relationship to 15th century Rule over Crimea to late 18th century Raids into Poland, Hungary, Germany

  32. The Ilkhanate of Persia • Abbasid empire toppled • Baghdad sacked, 1258 • 200,000 massacred • Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forces

  33. Mongol Rule in Persia • Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary societies • Inexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a century • Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver tax revenues • Left matters of governance to bureaucracy • Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle

  34. Mongol Rule in China • Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese • Intermarriage forbidden • Chinese forbidden to study Mongol language • Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians) • Yet tolerated religious freedoms

  35. The Mongols and Buddhism • Shamanism remains popular • Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains strength among Mongols • Large element of magic, similar to shamanism • Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as incarnations of Buddha

  36. The Mongols and Western Integration • Experience with long-distance trade • Protection of traveling merchants • Volume of trade across central Asia increases • Diplomatic missions protected • Missionary activity increases • Mongol resettlement policies

  37. Decline of the Mongol Empire in Persia • Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantry • Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290s • Failure, forced to rescind • Factional fighting • Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule collapses

  38. Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in China • Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currency • Public loses confidence in paper money, prices rise • From 1320s, major power struggles • Bubonic plague spreads 1330-1340s • 1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion

  39. Surviving Mongol Khanates • Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia • Continued threat to China • Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid-16th century • Continued threat to Russia

  40. Tamerlane the Conquerer (c. 1336-1405) • Turkish conqueror Timur • Timur the Lame: Tamerlane • United Turkish nomads in Khanate of Chaghatai • His descendants later established the Mughal Empire in India. • Major military campaigns • Built capital in Samarkand

  41. Tamerlane’s Empire about 1405 CE (Timurid Dynasty)

  42. Tamerlane’s Heirs • Poor organization of governing structure • Power struggles divide empire into four • Yet heavily influenced several empires: • Mughal • Safavid • Ottoman

  43. The Rise of the Ottoman Empire • The Ottomans were a nomadic Turkish speaking group that had migrated from central Asia into Asia Minor in the 14th c. • At the height of its power it spanned three continents, controlling much of Southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. • The empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries.

  44. The Ottoman Empire • Osman, charismatic leader who dominates part of Anatolia • Declares independence from Saljuq sultan, 1299 • Attacks Byzantine empire • Followers known as Osmanlis (Ottomans)

  45. Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326

  46. Ottoman Conquests • 1350s conquests in the Balkans • Local support for Ottoman invasion • Peasants unhappy with fragmented, ineffective Byzantine rule • Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Ottomans recover by 1440s

  47. The Capture of Constantinople, 1453 • Sultan Mehmed II (“Mehmed the Conqueror”) • Renamed city Istanbul, capital of Ottoman empire

  48. Mehmet II: 1444-1445; 1451-1481(“The Conqueror”)

  49. The Ottoman Capital -- Istanbul

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