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Evolutionary Journey: From Origins to Civilizations

Explore the 4 million-year journey of human evolution, from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens, including pivotal developments like bipedalism and brain size increase. Witness the transition from Paleolithic foraging to Neolithic cultivation and the rise of early civilizations with specialists and megalithic structures.

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Evolutionary Journey: From Origins to Civilizations

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  1. The Big Bang

  2. Our Galaxy: The Milky Way

  3. Other Galaxies

  4. Our Solar System

  5. Earth

  6. Plate Tectonics

  7. The 1st 4 Million Years • 1859 Charles Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species. • Australopithecines & modern humans are hominids, & members of the primate family.

  8. Australopithecus Africanus

  9. The 1st 4 Million Years • 3 distinguishing characteristics: • Bi-pedalism • Very large brain • Lower position of larynx

  10. The 1st 4 Million Years Homo Habilis: • Evolved 2-3 million years ago with brain 50% larger • Seeds, grass, leaves, fruits, berries, low protein • Extinct by 1 million years

  11. Homo Habilis

  12. The 1st 4 Million Years Homo Erectus: • 1.8 million years ago • Resembled modern man from the neck down • Brain 1/3 larger • More protein - Social

  13. Homo Erectus

  14. The 1st 4 Million Years Homo Sapiens: • 400,000 to 100,000 years ago. • Brain size increased by another 1/3 • Greater speech capacity, expanded diet

  15. Migration out of Africa

  16. The 1st 4 Million Years • Stone Age (2MM – 4K) • Paleolithic (Old) to 10K • Neolithic (New) to now

  17. The 1st 4 Million Years • Paleolithic (Old Stone Age): • Stone tools • Scavenging/Foraging • Much later hunting • Fire - not used for food.

  18. Example of Paleolithic Art

  19. The 1st 4 Million Years • 2 – parent family • Women gathered, cooked, reared the children while the men hunted. Lived in small groups migrating to “chase” their food.

  20. The 1st 4 Million Years • 3-5 hours daily for food, shelter and clothing. Time spent gathering, organizing, and passing on information, art, & religion.

  21. Agricultural Revolution • Neolithic (New Stone Age) • Caused by changes in climate • 1st stage: semicultivation, followed by cultivation. • Transitions occurred independently in various place of the world.

  22. CatalHüyük

  23. Agricultural Revolution • Domestication of plants & animals occurred independently around the globe. • Exceptions were the Americas, Central Asia & Africa.

  24. Agricultural Revolution • Global Warming in the Holocene period (beginning 9,000 B.C.E.) created environmental changes that reduced game & wild plant supplies.

  25. Life in Neolithic Communities • Advantages of food production-stored extra, sustained health. • Society organized in kinship groups.

  26. Cultural Expressions • Worshiped ancestral and nature spirits. • Used the megaliths • Spread of language groups

  27. Early Towns & Specialists • Geographically favored. • Villages grew to towns & centers of trade • Metal works in the late Neolithic era, gold & silver • Support for non-farmers.

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