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1. ANCIENT CHINAChapter 6
2. ACADEMIC VOCABULARYInstructions: Put the correct letter beside each number Civil Convert Cultural diffusion Economic Establish Excerpt Hermitage Ideology Omit Pinnacle Prosperous relic ___1. cause to change in form, character, or function. ___2. successful in material terms; flourishing financially. ___3. achieve permanent acceptance or recognition for ___4. A place where one can live in seclusion; a retreat. ___5. an object surviving from an earlier time, esp. one of historical or sentimental interest. ___6. Of or relating to citizens and their interrelations with one another or with the state. ___7. Of or relating to the production, development, and management of material wealth, as of a country, household, or business enterprise ___8. a short extract from a film, broadcast, or piece of music or writing. ___9. leave out or exclude (someone or something), either intentionally or forgetfully ___10. The highest point ___11. the spreading out of culture, culture traits, or a cultural pattern from a central point. ___12. a system of ideas and ideals, esp. one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.
3. GEOGRAPHY About the size of the United States(4 million square miles) North: Gobi (Goh-bee) Desert East: low –lying plains(one of the world’s largest farming regions) Eastern boundary: Pacific Ocean
4. GEOGRAPHY Climate:Vary Northeast: cold and dry Northwest: deserts are very dry Eastern Plains: heavy rains Southeast: tropical and wettest region = monsoons
5. GEOGRAPHY Rivers: Yellow River (Huang He) in northern China Floods = silt(river often floods and leaves layers of silt = great for farming) (River is know China’s Sorrow because millions of people have died in floods) Yangzi River (Chang Jiang) in southern China Longest river in Asia (cuts through central China) (In early China these two rivers helped link people in eastern part of country with those in the west.)
6. CIVILIZATION BEGINS First settled along rivers Farming along Yellow and Yangzi Rivers Yangzi River: rice Yellow River: cereals (millet and wheat) Early Settlements: houses partly underground and maybe straw- covered roofs Walls surrounded towns for defense Artifacts: arrowheads, fishhooks, tools, pottery, cloth, some water wells
7. CIVILIZATION BEGINS Burial: Tombs with objects: food (suggested a belief in the afterlife) Graves of rich: jewelry and other objects made of jade (a hard gemstone)
8. Chapter 6: Ancient China Dynasties Chart
9. FIRST DYNASTIES Xia (Shah) Dynasty founded by Yu the Great 2200 BC Dug channels to drain water to the ocean (because of the floods) (archaeologists have not yet found evidence of this dynasty. Dynasty is described in ancient historical chronicles such as Bamboo Annals, Classic of History and Records of the Grand Historian. Concrete existence of the Xia is yet to be proven) Shang Dynasty established by 1500s BC in northern China Social Order: Highest level: king, royal family, nobles, warrior leaders Nobles owned most of the land which was passed on to sons Middle level: artisans Lived outside city walls. Lived in groups based on what they made. (Made weapons, pottery, tools, clothing)
10. FIRST DYNASTIES Lowest level: farmers and slaves Farmers worked long hours. Taxes claimed much of what they earned. Slaves were important source of labor. First Writing System More than 2,000 symbols to express words or idea Writing on cattle bones and turtle shells. Priest carved questions about the future on bones and shells. Heated them, they cracked. Read cracks to predict future. Bones called oracle bones. Oracle is a prediction.
11. FIRST DYNASTIES Shang Achievements: Bronze containers for cooking and religious ceremonies, axes, knives, and ornaments from jade, war chariots, powerful bows, bronze body armor, and astrologers developed a calendar based on the cycle of the moon.
12. ZHOU DYNASTY Zhou (Joe) Dynasty 1100s BC overthrew the Shang Lasted longer than any other Chinese dynasty. Political System Based on the “Mandate of Heaven”. Dynasty life usually around 300 year. Expanded territory to the northwest, east, and south. Granted land in return for loyalty, military support, and other services.
13. ZHOU DYNASTY Zhou Society Rank Highest: king who led government and gave land to lords Middle: Lords and warriors. Lords paid taxes to king and provided warriors to protect the lands. Lowest: Peasants (farmers) farmed the nobles’ land.
14. ZHOU DYNASTY Zhou Decline Political order broke down: Lords passed power to sons who were less loyal to the king. Local rulers gained power and rejected authority of Zhou king. Warring States: time of many civil wars. Changes in Chinese family structure Family had been foundation of life in China. Families broke apart = lost their power. Relatives became rivals. Upper Classes - sons plotted against each other.
15. QIN DYNASTY States battled each other for power. Qin (Chin) state built strong army that defeated armies of rivaling states. Qin dynasty united country under one government. Qin king, Ying Zheng, unified China in 221 BC. Titled self Shi Huangdi(Shee hwahng-dee) = “first emperor”. Followed Legalist political beliefs = strong government with strict laws and harsh punishments. Burned writings that did not agree with Legalism. Ex. Books saved – farming, medicine, and predicting the future. Buried 460 scholars who opposed book burning.
16. QIN DYNASTY Shi Huangdi used armies to expand empire. When conquered a city destroyed walls and took all the weapons. He claimed all power and did not share it with the lords. Divided China into districts, each with its own governor. Districts subdivided into counties that were governed by appointed officials. Helped in enforcing tax system and enforcing strict chain of command. Set up a uniform system of law. Rules and punishments were to be the same in all parts of empire.
17. QIN DYNASTY Standardized the written language = write using the same set of symbols. People of different regions a sense of shared culture and common identity. New money system = standardized gold and copper coins = currency used in all China. Weights and measures standardized. Trade between regions became easier.
18. QIN DYNASTY Qin Achievements: Network of roads connected capital to every part of empire. = Travel easier. Roads same width = army moved quickly and easily. Canals connected rivers. = Improved transportation. Faster and easier to ship goods north to south. Irrigation system = more land good for farming. Great Wall: A barrier that linked earlier walls across China’s northern frontier. To stop invasions. (Years of labor from hundreds of thousands of workers which many died.)
19. QIN DYNASTY Terra-cotta Army 6,000 life-size terra cotta or clay soldiers in one chamber 1,400 clay figures of cavalry and chariots Designed to be with Shi Huangdi in the afterlife. Discovered in 1974 in Xi’an
20. QIN DYNASTY Shi Huangdi’s policies brought resentment from peasants, scholars, and nobles. Died in 210 BC and empire began to fall apart. Rebel forces formed. Attacked capital and burned palace. Country fell into civil war.
21. 3 Major Chinese Philosophies
22. Use the Tri-Venn to explain Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism Instructions: Must have at least 3 things in the major circles and at least 1 thing in the minor circles. Pages: 169-171 Confucianism - - - - - Daoism Legalism - - - - - - - -
23. Use the Tri-Venn to explain Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism Instructions: Must have at least 3 things in the major circles and at least 1 thing in the minor circles. Pages: 169-171 Confucianism -Confucius -China was rude and needed to return to having good ethics and morals (respectful and loyal) -focus starts on the family and continuous learning Government shouldn’t have to be harsh with good people and rulers should inspire not scare. A philosophy that turned into a religion to some Famous teacher/founders A philosophy A philosophy How people should behave and how government should rule Popular beliefs and competed for followers Daoism Legalism Laozi -go with the flow and let nature take its course (the way) -yin and yang (everything has a force) People shouldn’t fight and government shouldn’t make rules (stay out of people’s lives) -first to put their ideas into practice in China people were bad and needed to be controlled with laws by harsh rulers to have order -political and social philosophy that does not involve religion -Involves Nature
24. CONFUCIUS AND SOCIETY Confucius “Kongfuzi”: most influential teacher in Chinese history Grew in poverty. Served in minor government position. China overrun with rude and dishonest people. Chinese needed to return to ethics/moral values. Ideas of Confucius = Confucianism Wanted to return to time when people knew their proper roles in society. His ideas complied into book: The Analects
25. CONFUCIUS Confucianism: a unique teaching that is both philosophical and religious. A guiding force in human behavior and religious understanding in China. When people behaved well and acted morally they simply carrying out what heaven expected of them. Confucius’s ideas about virtue, kindness, and learning became dominant beliefs in China.
26. DAOISM Daoism from “Dao” meaning “the way”. Daoism stressed living in harmony with the Dao, the guiding force of all reality. Dao gave birth to universe and all its things. Daoism a reaction to Confucianism. Wanted government to stay out of people’s lives. People should be like water and simply let things flow in a natural way. Universe is a balance of opposites: female and male, light and dark, low and high. Opposing forces should be in harmony.
27. DAOISM LAOZI “Old Baby”: most famous Daoist teacher. People should not try to gain wealth, nor should they seek power. Wrote basic text of Daoism, The Way and all Its Powers.
28. LEGALISM Legalism: belief that people were bad by nature and needed to be controlled, contrasted with both Confucianism and Daoism. A political philosophy without religious concerns. It dealt only with government and social control. Legalists felt society needed strict laws to keep people in line and punishment should fit crimes. Example: citizens should be held responsible for each other’s conduct: guilty person’s relatives and neighbors should be punished. Unlike Confucianism and Daoism Legalist first to put ideas into practice throughout China.
29. HANS DYNASTY GOVERNMENT Liu Bang (lee-oo-bang) first emperor of Hans Dynasty 206 BC A peasant and first common person to become emperor. Lasted more than 400 years. Lowered taxes for farmers and made punishments less severe. Set up government structure that built on foundation begun by Qin. Relied on educated officials to help him rule.
30. HANS DYNASTY GOVERNMENT Emperor Wudi (Woo-dee) 140 BC Strong central government: took land from lords, raised taxes, placed supply of grain under control of government Confucianism- China’s official government philosophy Possible good government position if pass exam on Confucian teachings. Exams only open to people who had been recommended for government service. Result: wealthy or influential families control government
31. FAMILY LIFE Four classes Upper class: emperor, his court, and scholars Second class: the largest – peasants were poor Third class: artisans – produced items for daily life and some luxury goods Lowest class: merchants, non producers, bought and sold what others made. Some were wealthy and powerful. Military not in an official class Joining army offered chance to rise in social status
32. FAMILY LIFE Classes divided people into social rank and did not indicate wealth or power. Emperor and his court lived in palace. Wealthy families owned large estates. Private army to defend estates. Expensive decoration in homes: paintings, pottery, bronze lamps, jade figures, hired musicians for entertainment 90% of population were peasants who lived in countryside, worked long hours in fields. In winter worked on building projects for government Simple lives in small villages and in small wood-framed houses with walls made of mud or stamped earth
33. FAMILY LIFE Confucian teachings on family: Children respect their elders. Disobeying parents = crime Father head of house= absolute power Women’s duty=obey husband Strong family and obey father =obey emperor Children serve parents even dead parent with ceremonies and offerings. Boys were valued more than girls since sons carried family line and took care of parents Daughters became part of husband’s family.
34. HAN ACHIEVEMENTS Art Figure painting: portraits of people of religious figures and Confucian scholars Paintings of realistic scenes from everyday life Literature Poetry: fu style most popular and poets combined prose and poetry to create long works Shi style = short lines of verse that could be sung. Works of History: Historian Sima Qian – complete history of all dynasties through early Han.
35. HAN ACHIEVEMENTS Inventions and Advances Invented paper Scholars produced “books”. Pasted several pieces of paper together into a long sheet. Rolled sheet into a scroll. Sundial: uses position of shadows cast by the sun to tell time of day. Seismograph:device that measures the strength of an earthquake. Emperors believed earthquake were signs of future evil events. Acupuncture:practice of inserting fine needles through skin at specific points to cure disease or relieve pain.