Upper, Downers & All Arounders

1. Upper, Downers & All Arounders Chapter 1 Today & Tomorrow

2. Five Themes of Drug Use • Humans have a basic need to cope with their environment • Found that certain plants would ease: • Anxiety • Reduce pain • Treat illnesses • Give pleasure • Allow them to communicate with Gods

3. Five Themes of Drug Use 2. Human brain is affected by drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness • Affects the primitive or old part of brain that controls emotions • Natural physiological functions such as breathing & heart rate • Emotional Memories • Sensory perceptions • Physical and emotional pain • Instincts • Reasoning and memory of new brain “neocortex”

4. Five Themes of Drug Use 3. Governments and Businesses involvement in cultivating, manufacturing, distribution, taxing and prohibition • Struggle to control supply of drugs • Use of opium by medicine men in ancient Sumeria for secret medicines • Pharaohs in ancient Egypt gave beer to slaves as an incentive to build pyramids • Monopolization of Coca leaf production by Conquistadors in Peru to increase tax revenues for spain

5. Five Themes of Drug Use Governments and Businesses (continued) • Exportation and excise taxes on whiskey, hemp and tobacco to finance the American Revolution • Sale of opium to China by Britain, France & Japan to support their colonies • Growing and smuggling opium in Afghanistan to support insurgent activities • Prohibition or restriction of alcohol, tobacco, opium and other drugs by many countries to control excessive drug use.

6. Five Themes of Drug Use • Technological Advances in refining and synthesizing drugs to increase their potency. • Distilling alcohol (Arabia, 10th century) • Refining morphine from opium (Germany 1803) • Refine cocaine from coca leaves (Germany (1859) • Creation of alcohol sedation pill form from synthesizing barbiturates (Germany, 1868/1908)

7. Five Themes of Drug Use • Technological Advances (continued) • Synthesize amphetamines to replace cocaine (Germany, 1887 & 1932) • Extracting LSD from ergot fungus (Switzerland, 1938) • Simsemilla-growing to increase potency (THC) content in marijuana • Modify amphetamine molecules to produce designer drugs MDA & MDMA (ecstasy) US 1910 to present)

8. Five Themes of Drug Use • Development of more efficient & faster ways of putting drugs into the body has intensified effects. • Mixing alcohol and opium (Sumeria 4000 BC) • Absorb more juice from coca leaves by mixing with charred oyster shells (Peru 1450) • Inhaling nitrous oxide (England 1800) • Injecting morphine (England 1855) • Snorting Cocaine to absorb drug more quickly (Europe 1900)

9. Five Themes of Drug Use • Development of more efficient & faster ways of putting drugs into the body has intensified effects. • Dissolve LSD to blotter paper to be absorbed by tongue (US 1960’s) • Smoke freebase & crack cocaine to intensify high (US 1975 – 1985) • Crush & inject time-released medications such as Oxycontin for big rush (US 2003) • Altering amphetamine-products to produce smokable form of methamphetamine (ICE)

10. TYPES OF DRUGS

11. Heroin • Afghanistan largest producer/grower of opium • Mexican Black Tar & Brown Heroin and Columbian White • Cocaine • Grown in South America: Columbia, Peru & Bolivia • 1.2 American use on a regular basis • Marijuana • Widely available • Supreme Court ruled in 2001 that federal law prohibits dispensing drug to seriously ill even if the state allows it. • Legalization in states vary

12. Club Drugs • Reemerged due to raves that are parties held in clubs, warehouses or remote areas where a wide variety of drugs available, especially psychedelics • MDMA: Estacy and GHB are common at raves • Methamphetamines: • Manufactured in makeshift home labs • Sold as crank, crystal, meth & speed • Spreading to number of countries • Thailand produce small methamphetamine pills called “ya ba”

13. Alcohol • Kills over 130,000 people per year compared with 8,000 deaths from illegal drugs • Causes include genetic susceptibility, neurobiology • Treatment of alcoholism, include pharmacological interventions to reduce gravings • Oxycontin: formerly known as Percodan • Crushing drug the drug allows the time released capsules to be absorbed all at once • Hydrocodone (Vicodin) most widely abused prescription drug

14. HIV, AIDS, and Hepatitis C • Spreads rapidly in part due to pathogens by intravenous drug use • High-risk sexual practices resulting from lower inhibitions • Behavioral Addictions: • Eating disorders • Compulsive gambling • Sexual addictions • Compulsive shopping • Tend to have the same signs and symptoms of drug addictions

15. Major Drugs • Uppers (cocaine, amphetamines, diet pills, Ritalin, khat, caffeine, nicotine) • Physical effects: Stimulation of nervous system • Increased heart rate • Increase blood pressure • Insomia • Decrease in appetite • Large doses can cause cardiovascular problems, seizures, stroke and sometimes death • Mental/Emotional Effects • Increase in confidence • Euphoria • Anxiety • Paranoia • Mental confusion • Aggression & Anger

16. Major Drugs • Downers (Depressants) depress the nervous system: opiates/opiods, sedative hypnotics, alcohol, antihistamines • Physical Effects: • Slows heart rate and breathing • Relaxed muscles • Dull senses • Constipation • Nausea • Digestive problems • Large doses can depress the respiratory system • Mental/Emotional Effects: • Small doses lower inhibitions • Relaxed and diminished anxiety • Long term use causes physical dependence

17. Major Drugs • All Arounders (psychedelics) distort perceptions and can cause hallucinations, delusions or illusions • Physical Effects: • Nausea • Dizziness • Higher blood pressure • LSD causes stimulation • Mental/emotional effects; • Distortion of physical stimuli • Mental confusion along with delusions, hallucinations and illusions • Varies among user depending on frequency of use, duration, amount used

18. Other Drugs & Addiction • Inhalants (gasses or liquids are inhaled) glue, gasoline, paints & nitrous oxide • Effects: • Dizziness • Slurred speech • Lack of coordination • Lower blood pressure • Various toxic effects on major organs • Mental/emotional effects • Excitability • Irritability • Delirium

19. Other Drugs & Addiction • Anabolic Steroids and other Sports Drugs, Steroids, amphetamines and several therapeutic drugs enhance performance • Physical Effects • Steroids include increased muscle mass • High blood pressure • Acne • Hormonal changes • Mental/emotional effects • Stimulation • Outbursts of anger

20. Other Drugs & Addiction • Psychiatric medications (Antidepressants, anti-psychotics & anti-anxiety drugs are used to rebalance brain chemistry) • Physical effects: • Act on heart and muscle systems • Mental/emotional effects • Works to counteract depression • Control mood swings • Counter psychoses • Generally calms a person

21. Other Drugs & Addiction • Compulsive Behaviors (eating disorders, gambling, sex addiction, shopping, codependency affects the same areas of the brain as psychoactive drugs • Physical Effects: Neurological Changes in the brain • Mental/emotional effects: • Involves tolerance, dependence and withdrawal

22. Controlled Substances Act of 1970 • DEA classified all psychoactive drugs into five levels or schedules subject to control • Schedule I: heroin, LSD, marijuana, peyote, psilocybin, mescaline & MDMA • High abuse potential • Supposedly no accepted medical use • Schedule II: cocaine, methamphetamine, opium, morphine, hydromorphone, codeine, meperdine, oxycodone, and methylphenidate • Have a high abuse potential with severe psychic or physical dependence • Have medical uses

23. Controlled Substances Act of 1970 • Schedule III (Tylenol Codeine, Some barbiturates) • Less Abuse potential • Include schedule II drugs when used in componds • Schedule IV • Have even less abuse potential the schedule II drugs • Chloral hydrate, meprobamate, fenfluramine, diazepam (valium) and other bezodiazepines, Phenobarbital • Schedule V • Low abuse potential because they contain limited qualities of narcotic and stimulant drugs • Robitusin AC, Lomotil, OTC Drugs