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Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 5

Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 5. What’s important in my career and my life? Start with Arts Co-op! Explore career goals and interests Build 12-16 months of paid experience before graduation Gain job search skills.

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Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 5

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  1. Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex DifferencesLecture 5

  2. What’s important in my career and my life? • Start with Arts Co-op! • Explore career goals and interests • Build 12-16 months of paid experience before graduation • Gain job search skills Application Deadline: Wednesday, September 28 @ 4pm www.artscoop.ubc.ca

  3. Research Methods 1. What research methods do psychologists use to study gender? (continued)

  4. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. describe the scientific method. 2. distinguish between the distinct types of studies used in gender-related research. 3. interpret the statistics associated with correlational research.

  5. What research methods do psychologists use to study gender? (continued) • Several steps are involved in conducting research using the scientific method:

  6. Theory Hypothesis Interactive Relationship Operationalization Research Data

  7. A theory is a proposed explanation or interpretation of the relations among constructs. • A construct is a conceptual variable that can not be directly observed. • Examples of variables that are constructs: Intelligence, self-esteem, aggression. • Examples of variables that are not constructs: Hair colour, weight, blood pressure.

  8. Operationalization refers to the translation of a construct into a variable that can be directly observed. • Examples of operationalizations: Construct: Aggression. Operationalization: Frequency and intensity of shocks given to a confederate. Construct: Femininity. Operationalization: Scores on a measure of stereotypically feminine characteristics (e.g., gentleness, emotionality, helpfulness).

  9. Theory Hypothesis Interactive Relationship Operationalization Research Data

  10. Research in gender psychology involves five types of studies: 1. Experimental Studies  Designed to examine cause and effect relationships between variables.

  11.  In conducting an experiment, a researcher: (a) randomly assigns participants to groups that will receive different levels of the hypothesized “causal” or independent variable (IV). (b) administers a distinct treatment (i.e., level of the IV) to each group. (c) measures the hypothesized “effect” or dependent variable (DV) for each group.

  12. A Simple Experiment Group A Treatment A Posttest Participants Random Assignment Group B Treatment B Posttest

  13.  Example: Condry and Condry (1976) Examined interpretations of infants’ emotional reactions to a jack-in-the box. Sex served as a target variable.

  14. 2. Quasi-Experimental Studies (Ex Post Facto Studies)  Designed to contrast two or more existing groups on a variable of interest.  Used when an experiment cannot be conducted due to ethical or practical limitations.  Among the most frequently used methods in research on sex, gender, and sexual orientation.

  15.  Example: Rotter and Rotter (1998) Examined ability to decode emotional expressions of sadness, fear, disgust and anger among males and females. Sex served as a subject variable.

  16.  A cautionary note about the interpretation of mean differences between males and females: XMales XFemales

  17. 3. Correlational studies  Designed to examine the extent to which 2 naturally- occurring variables covary.  Typically measured by the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r).

  18. r measures the extent to which a linear relationship exists between 2 variables. • Magnitude of r: strength of relationship between variables. Sign of r (+ vs. -): direction of relationship between variables.

  19. Positive Linear Relationship r = +1.00 •      •          Aggressiveness Scores Among females or males. Masculinity Scores

  20. Negative Linear Relationship r = -1.00 •              Aggressiveness Scores Among females or males. Femininity Scores

  21. No Relationship r = 0.00 •    •      •    •    •            Height Androgyny Scores

  22.  Example: Dias (2003) Examined the correlations among femininity, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and co-dependency.

  23. Research Methods • What research methods do psychologists use to study gender?

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