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COOPERATIVE STRATEGIES FOR MARITIME SECURITY GOVERNANCE

Dr Manoj Gupta. COOPERATIVE STRATEGIES FOR MARITIME SECURITY GOVERNANCE. Agenda. 1. Maritime Security issues. 2. 3Cs for MS Governance. 3. Temporality of maritime operations. 4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be. 5. Interdependence and integration. UN Law of the Sea Convention.

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COOPERATIVE STRATEGIES FOR MARITIME SECURITY GOVERNANCE

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  1. Dr Manoj Gupta COOPERATIVE STRATEGIES FORMARITIME SECURITY GOVERNANCE

  2. Agenda 1. Maritime Security issues 2. 3Cs for MS Governance 3. Temporality of maritime operations 4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be 5. Interdependence and integration

  3. UN Law of the Sea Convention

  4. Maritime security challenges BORDER SECURITY ENERGY SECURITY OCEAN SECURITY FOOD SECURITY RESOURCE SECURITY

  5. Piracy and Armed Robbery 75% OF THE 439 ATTACKS IN 2011 Source: ICC-IMB Report 01 Jan – 31 Dec 2011

  6. Drug Smuggling • In 2009-10, sea cargo accounted for nearly 80 per cent of the total weight of cocaine detected at the Australian border • A single detection of sea cargo from Mexico to Melbourne accounted for 62 per cent of the total weight of cocaine

  7. People smuggling

  8. Small arms trafficking • Illicit trade 10-20% Market value 4 billion dollars • Major Buyers include: • Rebel groups: Afghanistan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka • Crime Syndicates: Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Thailand • SE Asia: • Post war ready stockpiles: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam • Long maritime and land borders – difficult to interdict traffickers • South Asia: • 75 Million small arms – 84% illegal • 2 million people engaged in gun running • Pacific: • legal civilian stockpile 3.1 million – 50% > global ratio of 1:16 • Illicit trafficking major issue – Fiji, Philippines, PNG, Solomon islands Source: Small Arms Survey and IANSA

  9. Key issues for maritime security • Reporting of ships handling dangerous cargo • Mandatory reporting of all ships • Action against unseaworthy / substandard ships • Registration & identification system for vessels • Enforcement and regulation in the 24 nm limit • Curb acts of piracy at sea Indonesian VMS

  10. Agenda 1. Maritime Security issues 2. 3Cs for MS Governance 3. Temporality of maritime operations 4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be 5. Interdependence and integration

  11. Maritime security governance South Asia Middle East GCC SAARC ARF SADC Southern Africa SE Asia and Australia

  12. Total Supply Chain Security Japanese owned Manufacturer in France Bangkok Based Freight Forwarder Port of Rotterdam Customs • 90% of world trade moves by containers • >100 million containers in and out of ports each year Every second of every day $ 10 billion worth of world commerce is shipped Singapore Port Ship Inspection Port Botany Customs Local Distribution Center

  13. Collaborative Port State Control Company Security Officer Ship Security Officer Port Facility Security Officer Ship Security Assessment Ship Security Plan Port facility Security Assessment Port facility Security Plan Industry led Smart and Secure Tradelanes (SST) ISPS Code required Industry actions

  14. Coordinating maritime forces • Regionally driven • Secure Trade Programme in the APEC Region (STAR) • ASEAN/Japan Maritime Transport Security Programme • MALSINDO trilateral coordinated patrol • Coordinated bilateral naval patrols • Eye in the sky air surveillance • Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia(ReCAAP) • South East Asia Regional Centre for Counter-Terrorism (SEARCCT)

  15. Maritime Security Cooperation • Internationally driven • UN Law of the Sea (Article 108) • 1988 Vienna Drug Convention • UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime • ILO Seafarer Identification card • Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts (SUA) against safety of maritime navigation and fixed platforms located on the continental shelf • Maritime Electronic Highway • Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade

  16. System wide maritime security • System wide • 1000 ship global navy • Collaborative Port State control • Surveillance, monitoring and control: • Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) • Container Security Initiative (CSI) • Customs-Trade Partnership against Terrorism (C-TPAT) • 24 Hour advance vessel manifest rule • Information exchange and evolving procedures: • Regional Maritime Security Initiative (RMSI) • Western Pacific Naval Symposium • Indian Ocean Naval Symposium

  17. Why 3 Cs - collaboration, coordination and cooperation TOMMOROW’S RESPONSE? • Preserve the global maritime common space • Collectively manage carrying capacity • Shared responsibility by all maritime nations • Solutions to minimise resource conflict TODAY’S CHALLENGES • Increased illegal activities • Manifold growth in ocean use • Changes in ocean environment • Numerous resource and boundary claims BEYOND INDIVIDUAL NATIONAL CAPACITITES

  18. Western Indian Ocean • Port state control • Djibouti code of conduct counter piracy in Gulf of Aden and Western Indian Ocean • South Africa joins Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Jordan, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Somalia, the Sudan, the United Arab Emirates, the United Republic of Tanzania and Yemen • Strategic counter piracy capacity building partnership • UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) • United Nations Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS) • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) • World Food Programme (WFP) • EU - European External Action Service (EEAS) • International Oceanographic Commission?? • Constabulary and token navies

  19. Agenda 1. Maritime Security issues 2. 3Cs for MS Governance 3. Temporality of maritime operations 4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be 5. Interdependence and integration

  20. Coast Guards Navies Water Police and Enforcement One goal separate solutions Maritime Security Customs and Coastwatch

  21. Maritime Security System Country A Country B Domain Awareness Domain Awareness Safeguard Response Response Safeguard Marine Police Customs Coastwatch Intelligence Intelligence Police Police Coast Guard Customs Customs Navy Navy Port A Ocean Voyage Port B

  22. Suspicion unfounded Compensate vessel Maritime Security Response Nationality of Ship: Flag flown Boarding of vessel: Not justified without reasonable ground Owner: Unknown First confirm registry Then seek authorisation from Flag State for Boarding Outside 12 nm Territorial waters Board Vessel: Inspect Documents Suspicion:Search Vessel

  23. Territorial Sea • Warships must obtain prior permission • Warships must give prior notification • 50 nm Military security zone

  24. Agenda 1. Maritime Security issues 2. 3Cs for MS Governance 3. Temporality of maritime operations 4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be 5. Interdependence and integration

  25. Approaches to maritime security • Single Maritime Force: • North Korea, New Zealand, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka • Multiple Maritime Forces: • Japan, India, Australia, Taiwan, South Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand • Fragmented Maritime Forces: • China: Navy + 4 Paramilitary forces • Indonesia: Navy + Customs + Police + Coast & Seaward Defence + Army • Token Maritime Forces: • Brunei, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Cambodia, Timor, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vietnam

  26. Trinity of Maritime Tasks

  27. Force sizing in the 21st Century

  28. Agenda 1. Maritime Security issues 2. 3Cs for MS Governance 3. Temporality of maritime operations 4. Maritime Forces – To be or Not to be 5. Interdependence and integration

  29. Realm Issue Response Collaborate Secure maritime commons Region wide Maritime Security Vast Territorial Waters Synergise Seagoing Forces Maritime Crime Fly UN Flag

  30. United (N)ationsnavy? • UN operations land centric • UN standing naval force in theory • Regional cooperation mooted as the best maritime security option

  31. Interoperability challenges • Absence of common concerns • Suspicions of each others intentions • No common doctrine • Problem of language • Different technological levels • Integrating command and control

  32. Navies in Supranational Role UNCLOS III Article 93 UN Flag Code Regulations 01 January 1967 …to demonstrate support of the UN and further its principles and purposes. HMAS BALLARAT May 17 Shanghai

  33. United (N)avy? • Common Concern • Trust • Legal framework • Information sharing • SOPs

  34. Key cooperative strategies • Strengthen PSC and ISPS code to build regional MS frameworks and integrate into an international MS framework • Requires taking some hard decisions at the political level in IR • Countries frame MS policy and enact national legislation to meet obligations in MZ • Requires national commitment to MS building and dispute resolution • Constabulary high-demand high-usage maritime forces equipped to deal with enforcement and security challenges up to 200 nm • Requires capacity building • Move towards multilateral maritime co-operation graduating to an MS alliance in regions • Requires shift in foreign policies of nations

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