World War One

1. World War One

2. Nationalism Triumphs in Europe (1800 – 1914) • Huge rush of nationalism in the 1800s • Unified some countries and tore other apart • Germany • 1862-1890 – Otto von Bismarck creates a powerful German empire • Promotes economy, aggressive foreign policy, domestic reforms • Italy • 1870 – Nationalism unified the country • Long history of fragmentation will cause problems

3. Russia • Russian czars reluctantly surrender absolute power • Country will swing between reform and repression • Ethnic groups in Eastern Europe growing restless for their own nations • Ottoman and Hapsburg empires feel unrest from their people and begin to fall apart

4. Growth of Western Democracies (1815 – 1914) • Britain, France, US – reformers seek democratic rights and social change • Reformers try to help laborers • British suffrage is extended to all males, making women seek the vote too

5. Defeated during the Franco-Prussian War and Civil War • France sets up Third Republic government • By 1900, US became world industrial giant • US is magnet for immigrants seeking freedom and opportunity

6. The New Imperialism (1800 – 1914) • Age of Imperialism – European powers expand their empires quickly • Much resistance but brought a lot of the world under their control • Industrial Revolution gave western powers the means and motives to seek global domination • With little regard for tradition or native people, European powers carve up the African continent • Britain, France, Russia take advantage of the crumbling Ottoman empire • Britain takes over 60% of India • China is taken over by spheres of influence by Western powers • China tries to resist but is overcome • By early 1900s, leaders in colonized parts were trying to create nationalist movements

7. New Global Patterns (1800 -1914) • Imperialism results in global exchange • Many nations profit, some are torn apart • Many radical changes in economies and governments • Japan transforms in to a modern nation to ward off imperialism

8. By 1900, Western powers had claimed and carved up most of Asia • British colonies – Canada, Australia, New Zealand win independence • Latin America struggles to modernize and set up stable governments • Europe forces people to accept western ideas

9. The Pursuit of Peace • 1896 – 1st modern Olympic Games held in Athens • Alfred Nobel – inventor of dynamite • Regretted the use of his invention • In his will, set up the Nobel Peace Prize

10. Aggressive nationalism • France and Germany • Strong nationalist feelings • Germans were proud of their new military power • France wanted to regain its domination • Wanted their lost land back from Prussia • Eastern Europe • Russia – state sponsored nationalism “Pan-Slavism” • Austria-Hungray and the Ottoman’s felt threatened • By 1914, the Balkan’s called “powder keg of Europe”

11. Rivalries between Nations • Imperialism • Economies were growing, new factories were mass producing products • Europe divided by competition for colonies • Militarism and the Arms Race • Militarism – glorification of the military • “Survival of the Fittest” • Countries made war seem glorified • Armies and Navies grew huge • Britain and Germany = navy • Military leaders gained political influence

12. A tangle of alliances • Distrust lead powers to sign treaties • Pledged to help each other • To create massive powers no one would attack • Triple Alliance 1882 – Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary • Became known as Central Powers • 1894 – France and Russia • 1904 - France and Britain created entente • Entente – non-binding agreement to follow common policies • Became the Allies

13. Assassination in Sarajevo • Serbian Outrage • Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary announced he would visit Sarajevo, Bosnia • Serbian nationalists were outraged • June 28th was Independence Day – felt that they were being patronized • Serbian group “Black Hand” vowed to take action

14. The fatal shots • Archduke ignored warnings • June 28, 1914 road with wife, Sophie thru Sarajevo • GavriloPrincip attacked car, two shots, both dead

15. Harsh Ultimatum • Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum • Ultimatum – final set of demands • Serbia must end all anti-Austrian agitation and punish Serbian’s that were involved • Serbia agreed, partially • July 28th – Austria declares war

16. From capital to capital • Could have been a small war • Alliances caused countries to join • Austria-Hungary got help from Germany • Serbia got help from Russia • Mobilization – prepare military forces • Russia asked France to help and avenge loss • Germany declared war on France

18. The schlieffen Plan • Italy stayed neutral • Britain had to decide • General Alfred von Schlieffen • Plan to avoid two front war • Defeat France then Russia • Germany invaded Belgium to get to France • Britain declares war on Germany

19. A New kind of conflict • Called “The Great War” • Largest conflict in history • 40 million men mobilized • 1 in 4 died, ones who lived, maimed, blind, mad • War moved quickly • By September 1914, battle lines were drawn • Winter brought stalemate • Stalemate – deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other

20. The western front • Deep trenches across Europe • No Man’s Land – space between trenches • Covered in shell holes, barbed wire, dead bodies, land mines • Only gained in small amounts

21. Technology of modern warfare • New weapons developed • Could shell from 10 miles away • 1915, German’s started using poison gas – blinded, blistered, burns • Gas masks to counteract • Airplanes – 1,2 seat with machine guns • Automatic machine guns – rapid continuous bullet stream • Submarines – U-Boats, sunk ships without warning • Zeppelins – large gas filled balloons used to bomb • Convoys – groups of merchant ships protected by warships

22. Global conflict • Eastern Europe • Russia pushed though Germany • Tannenberg – Russia defeated and retreated • Couldn’t fight new weapons • Southern Europe • Bulgaria and Italy joined • Italy has secret alliance to get Austrian land • War and the Colonies • European colonies were drawn into the struggle • Allies took over colonies • Some forced in to service, others served to get independence

23. Winning the war • Total War • Nations channeled all resources in to war effort • Conscription – The Draft, all young men had to be ready • Propaganda War • Propaganda – spreading of ideas to promote cause damaging to other side • Wanted to keep bad news quite and raise nationalism

24. Winning the war • Impact of Women • As men left to fight, women took jobs • Some women became nurses in the war • Most women had to give up jobs when men returned • Collapsing Morale • By 1917, troops were depressed • Germany was sending 15 year olds in to battle • Many casualties, food shortages, failure to win – upset people

25. Winning the war • Russian Revolution • Russia hit hard by war • Food riots lead people to revolt • Monarchy fell apart, Allies were happy czar fell • V.I. Lenin came to power • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany – ended war for Russia • Impact on War • With Russia gone, Germany concentrated on Western Front

26. The us declares war • 1917 – US joins war • Germany was using U-Boats and sinking American ships • Killed many civilians especially on the Lusitania • Americans supported the Allies since they came from Allied countries

27. Zimmerman Note • US intercepted note from German minister • Promised Mexico land they lost if they helped Germany • Published, Americans got mad • Declaring War • April 1917 Pres Wilson asked congress to declare war • Took year to Europe

28. Fourteen Points • January 1918, Fourteen Points Speech • Freedom of seas, free trade, reduction of arms • Wanted great association of nations • Campaign to Victory • Early 1918 – final battles fought • German’s overthrew government • Other countries were getting tired • Armistice – Agreement to end fighting • Germany and Allies at 11am on November 11, 1918

29. Cost of war • 8.5 million people were dead • Influenza pandemic killed 20 million around the world • Most of Europe had to be rebuilt from shelling damage • Countries had huge war debt • Reparations – payment for war damage • Governments collapsed, revolutionaries took over • Colonies fought back against imperialism for independence

30. Paris Peace Conference • Big Three • US President Woodrow Wilson • British PM George • French Pres Clemenceau • No one likes it Wilson’s points • Difficult Issues • Countries wanted land back that was taken from them • Wilson got his international peace group, League of Nations

31. Treaty of Versailles • June 1919 – met with new German Republic to sign treaty • Read document with horror • Forced Germany to pay for the whole war ($30 billion) • Reduce army and return lands • Forced to sign treaty – would cause resentment for years