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Comprehensive Study of Human Reproductive Systems

Explore the intricate details of the male and female reproductive systems, including organs, functions, and common diseases. Learn about stages of growth, effects of aging, and factors influencing development.

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Comprehensive Study of Human Reproductive Systems

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  1. Chapter 12: Human Growth and Development

  2. The Male Reproductive System • Primary Organs • Gonads: testes • Accessory Structures • Ducts that transport sperm cells & hormones • Exocrine glands

  3. The Male Reproductive System (cont’d)

  4. Testes • Located outside body, midline below torso • Suspended by spermatic cord in scrotum • Spermatic cord: bundle of blood & lymphatic vessels & nerves • Oval-shaped • Site of sperm generation • Produce testosterone

  5. Structure of the Testis

  6. Testosterone • Main male sex hormone • Diffuses from testes into surrounding fluid & is absorbed into bloodstream • Functions: • Develops & maintains reproductive structures • Develops sperm cells • Develops secondary sex characteristics (deeper voice, body hair)

  7. Spermatozoa • Sperm cells • Fertilize egg cell • >200 million in average ejaculation • Manufactured continuously after puberty in testes • Head: nucleus containing chromosomes, enzymes to penetrate ovum • Tail: propels sperm through female reproductive system to reach ovum

  8. Accessory Structures • Epididymis • Coiled tube on surface of testes • Stores sperm • Vas deferens • Duct in spermatic cord • Carries sperm to ejaculatory duct • Ejaculatory duct • Delivers sperm to urethra • Penis: delivers sperm to vagina during intercourse

  9. Semen • Mix of sperm cells & secretions from other glands • Expelled from body in ejaculation • Functions of secretions in semen: • Nourish sperm cells • Transport them • Neutralize acidity of male urethra & female vaginal tract • Lubricate female reproductive tract during intercourse • Prevent infection by using antibacterial enzymes & antibodies

  10. The Urethra and Penis • Urethra • Tube that transports both urine & semen through pelvic cavity & penis • Ejection of semen made possible by erection • Penis • Made of spongy tissue that engorges with blood when erect • Contractions of skeletal muscles in pelvic floor expel semen • Penis & scrotum make up male external genitalia

  11. Common Diseases and Conditions of the Male Reproductive System • Enlarged prostate • Prostate cancer • Testicular cancer • Orchitis • Cryptorchidism • Epididymitis

  12. The Female Reproductive System • Ovaries • Female gonads • Site of egg formation • Accessory Structures • Uterus • Various passageways • Bartholin glands • External genitalia • Breasts

  13. The Female Reproductive System (cont’d)

  14. The Female Reproductive System (cont’d)

  15. The Ovaries • Outer layer consists of single layer of epithelium • Ovarian follicle • Cluster of cells where ovum ripens • Secretes estrogen, beginning development of endometrium • Ovulation • Follicle ruptures & discharges ripened egg • Menstruation • The sloughing off of endometrium • Expulsion of unfertilized egg

  16. Accessory Structures • Fallopian tubes • Uterus • Vagina • Bartholin glands • Vulva & perineum • Breasts

  17. The Menstrual Cycle • Process that prepares female’s body for pregnancy • Egg ripens & is released • Endometrium is prepared • If no fertilization: • Estrogen & progesterone levels decrease • Bloody discharge • Average duration: 2 to 6 days

  18. Common Diseases and Conditions of the Female Reproductive System • Cervical cancer • Ovarian tumors • Pelvic inflammatory disease • Uterine cancer • Breast cancer • Endometriosis • Fibroid tumors • Menstrual disorders • Yeast infection

  19. Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System • Men: decrease in testosterone production • Women: menopause—menstruation gradually ceases

  20. Common Diseases and Conditions of Both the Male & Female Reproductive Systems • Chlamydia • Gonorrhea • Syphilis • Genital herpes • Human papillomavirus (HPV) • Pubic lice • Infertility

  21. Factors Influencing Growth and Development • Heredity • Prenatal factors (mother’s age/health during pregnancy) • Caregiver factors (mental illness) • Individual differences (vision & hearing impairments) • Health or illness • Environment, including culture • Nutrition

  22. Stages of Growth and Development • Embryo & fetus • Neonate (birth to 1 month) • Infant (1 month to 1 year) • Toddler (1-3 years) • Preschool child (3-6 years) • School-aged child (6-12 years) • Adolescent (12-18 years) • Young adult (18-40 years) • Middle-aged adult (40-65 years) • Older adult (>65 years)

  23. Stages of Grief • Denial • Anger • Bargaining • Depression • Acceptance

  24. Theories of Development • Erik Erikson • Robert J. Havighurst • Sigmund Freud • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

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