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Lecture Ch. 29 Date _______

This lecture discusses the colonization of land by plants, focusing on the evolution of bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. It covers topics such as vascular tissue, seeds, flowers, and the characteristics that separate plants from their algae ancestors.

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Lecture Ch. 29 Date _______

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  1. Lecture Ch. 29 Date _______ Plant Diversity I: The Colonization of Land

  2. Plant Evolution • bryophytes (mosses), pteridophytes (ferns), gymnosperms (pines and conifers); angiosperms (flowering plants) • Plants: multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs • Terrestrial colonization: • Vascular tissue • The seed • The flower

  3. Nonvascular vs. Vascular plants • Nonvascular-Bryophytes • Vascular Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms

  4. Plant origins • Charophytes: green algae (closest plant ancestor) • Similarities: • 1-Homologous chloroplasts: chlorophyll a & b • 2- Biochemical similarity cellulose composition; peroxisomes • 3- Cell division similarity mitosis; cytokinesis • 4- Sperm similarity ultrastructure • 5- Genetic relationship nuclear genes; rRNA

  5. Characteristics that separate plants from algae ancestors • Apical meristems: localized regions of cell division • Multicellular, dependent embryos (embryophytes) • Alternation of generations • Walled spores produced in sporangia • Multicellular gametangia

  6. Other terrestrial adaptations • Cuticle • Stomata • Xylem and phloem • Secondary compounds

  7. Bryophytes • Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts • 1st to exhibit the embryonic condition (male = antheridium; female = archegonium) • Flagellated (water) sperm • No vascular tissue (imbibe water) • No lignin (short stature) • Haploid gametophyte is the dominant generation

  8. Mosses

  9. Parts of a Moss Plant

  10. Three variations on gametophyte/sporophyte relations • Page 598 Bryophytes • Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte Gametophyte-dominant life cycle, the dependent sporophyte is nourished by the gametophyte as it grows out of the archegonium

  11. Pteridophytes: seedless vascular plants • Ferns, club ‘moss’, horsetails • True roots and leaves • Roots have lignified vascular tissue • Sporophyte-dominant life cycle • Homosporous plants: a single type of spore…. • Sporophyte---->Single type of spore ---->Bisexual gametophyte ---->Eggs; sperm (flagellated; damp locations) • Carboniferous period plants

  12. Pteridophytes • P. 598 Large sporophyte and small independent gametophyte (fern) • Sporophyte is dominant generation • Gametophyte is small, photosynthetic and free-living (not dependent on the sporophyte for their nutrition.

  13. Life Cycle of a Fern

  14. Fern Frond

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