Module 1: Exam Review

1. Module 1: Exam Review

2. 1.02 America’s Geography A Globe is a three –dimensional model of the earth. Accurately shows the size and shapes of the continents , bodies of water, and geographical features. Limits of Globes Can’t see all the earth’s surface at once. Can’t see details. Not portable.

3. 1.02 America’s Geography A map is a representation or drawing of the earths surface. Maps are flat so you can see the whole worlds surface at once. Maps show more details. Maps are portable. Maps can be used to see change over time. Because a map is flat is distorts parts of the earth.

4. 1.02 America’s Geography Global Positions System (GPS) gives you pin point location.

5. 1.02 America’s Geography East of Great Plains to Atlantic Ocean Wide variety of plants, trees & animals. Fertile soil (good for farming). Deciduous Forest

6. 1.02 America’s Geography Southwest United States Harsh climate, little rain & wide range of temperatures. Poor, sandy soil . Few variety of plants and animals. Desert

7. 1.02 America’s Geography East of Rocky Mts. through Great Plains. Fertile soil, good for farming. Wide variety of plants and animals. Grassland / Prairie

8. 1.02 America’s Geography High elevations in Rocky Mts. & central Alaska. Harsh climate Few species of plants/trees and animals. Alpine

9. 1.02 America’s Geography Located in northern Alaska and Canada. Harsh climate Plant growth only during summer (no trees). Few species of animals. Tundra

10. 1.02 America’s Geography • What is sustainable forestry? • Sustainable forestry means managing our forest resources to meet the needs we have today without interfering with our future generations' needs. Any management of the forest resource must include inventory and planning to provide the basis for evaluating and implementing the goals of the landowner.

11. Quiz Time! • For which assignment would a map be most useful to you? • A: An assignment comparing the geographic features of the Australian and Asian continents • B: An assignment exploring the trade routes of various companies across continents and oceans • C: An assignment comparing the migration routes of several immigrant groups from different countries • D: An assignment which explores the relationship between a British settlement and the Native Americans living in the area

12. The Correct Answer Is… • D: An assignment which explores the relationship between a British settlement and the Native Americans living in the area

13. Quiz Time! • For which assignment would a globe be most useful for you? • A: An assignment to detail population changes over time • B: An assignment requiring details about the location a group of English settlements • C: An assignment comparing the geographic features of the Australian and Asian continents • D: An assignment exploring the relationship between a French settlement and the Native Americans living in the area

14. The Correct Answer Is… • C: An assignment comparing the geographic features of the Australian and Asian continents

15. 1.03 Coming to America • Factors that motivated people to colonize in North America: • Religious Freedom • Scarcity of resources and overpopulation in Europe • Demand for labor is low in Europe • Indentured Servants agreed to work for someone else for a specific time period in return for his passage to North America. • African slaves replace Indentured Servants as the demand for labor increases. • Profits (gold) and adventure • Land • The head right system was designed to attract new people to the British colony to help farm. Each colonist was given about 50 acres of land to settle. Wealthy European men gained a large amount of land this way. They sent indentured servants to collect the head right (land) and then keep the land for themselves.

16. 1.03 Coming to America • European Country: Spain • Christopher Columbus’s tales of riches led to European colonization of the New World. • Spain was the dominant European presence in the New World in the 1500s. • The strength of the Spanish Armada made it difficult for other European powers to settle in the New World. • One of the main motives for Spanish colonization was to find gold and other resources and send them back to Spain. To accomplish this, the Spanish set up colonies in Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America. • For labor, many conquistadores enslaved Native Americans and treated them poorly. Spanish missionaries tried to convert the natives to Catholicism. In 1588, Britain defeated the Spanish Armada, which made colonization in the New World easier for other European powers.

17. 1.03 Coming to America • European Country: England (aka: Great Britain) • After a failed attempt at Roanoke Island, in what is now North Carolina, Jamestown, Virginia, became the first permanent British colony in 1607. • Part of Jamestown’s success was due to the help of local tribes, like the Powhatan Confederacy, that helped the British grow their crops. • Relations with the Native Americans soured when the settlers needed more land to grow tobacco and pushed many Native Americans off their land. • Britain claimed all North American territory from Newfoundland to Florida. • This was impossible to enforce due to the lack of permanent settlements. Other European nations colonized land previously claimed by the British, which led to fighting.

18. 1.03 Coming to America • European Country: France • The French set up their first permanent settlement in North America in Quebec in 1608. • Initially, the French focused on fishing, fur trading, and missionary work, converting Native Americans to Catholicism. • They expanded their settlements into the Mississippi Valley region, which was partially claimed by the British. • The French set up several forts to protect their profitable fur trade and their claims to the region. • The French settlements grew slowly, so the Native Americans were not pushed off their land as they were in the British settlements. • Unlike the Spanish, the French did not try to change the Indian customs, which led to a more peaceful coexistence between the French and the Native American tribes.

19. 1.03 Coming to America • European Country: The Netherlands (aka: The Dutch) • The Dutch challenged British claims to the area of present-day New York in 1609, and called it New Netherland. • The Dutch rivaled England as the largest commercial power in Europe during the 1600s. • The Dutch opened a post at Port Orange in 1624 to help with fur trading. • They also negotiated the purchase of Manhattan Island from the Native Americans and called this settlement New Amsterdam. • The English saw the Dutch as invaders on British land claims. In 1664, Britain sent 400 soldiers to New Amsterdam to force the Dutch out. Outnumbered and already weak from fighting with Native American tribes, the Dutch turned over their settlement to the British without a shot being fired.

20. Quiz Time! • What was the main reason for the Dutch to have surrendered New Amsterdam to the British? • A: War with the English in Europe • B: Lack of success with their farming practices • C: The Dutch were tired from fighting with the Native Americans in the area • D: Trading with the French for land in warmer climates

21. The Correct Answer Is… • C: The Dutch were tired from fighting with the Native Americans in the area

22. Quiz Time! • Which of the following best shows how some Europeans used the headright system? • A: Europeans used the headright system to capture, buy, and sell Egyptian slaves. • B: Europeans used the headright system to get indentured servants to work the land. • C: Europeans sent indentured servants to the New World and collected the headright for each servant. • D: Europeans developed new laws related to the headright system that allowed them to own more land.

23. The Correct Answer Is… • C: Europeans sent indentured servants to the New World and collected the headright for each servant.

24. 1.04 Colonial Regions • New England Colonies: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire • The search for religious freedom brought the Puritans and Pilgrims to America (New England). • Community and religion was important, and small villages were common. • New Englanders earned a profit from trading and fishing. Fisherman were called peterman. • Even with rocky, infertile soil, some New Englanders had small farms. Families worked together to earn a living, and the slave population was very small because of the economy and the peoples religious beliefs. • A relatively small number of people occupied New England, which had harsh winters.

25. 1.04 Colonial Regions • Middle Colonies: Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, and New Jersey • Often referred to as the “breadbasket colonies,” the Middle colonies were home to a diverse group of European immigrants who enjoyed the respect for religious freedom made famous here by the Quakers. • Family members and indentured servants harvested wheat, grain, and oats. • The moderate weather and the fertile soil attracted many colonists to this region. • Besides farmers, the natural resources of this area attracted metal workers. • Deep rivers were also a characteristic of the Middle colonies.

26. 1.04 Colonial Regions • Southern Colonies: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Maryland • Rich soil and a mild climate attracted many European colonists to the Southern colonies. • Home to some of America’s earliest settlements, the area grew cash crops like tobacco, rice, and cotton. • The Southern colonies coastline made it easy to export cash crops to England. • African slaves and indentured servants were critical to the success of colonial farms as they were the backbone of the labor force. • The search for wealth and power contributed to the development of the Southern colonies.

27. 1.04 Coming to America • William Penn • Established the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681. • He was a wealthy Englishman who presented a plan to King Charles to colonize land in America. • William Penn was a Quaker and he saw the Pennsylvania as a “holy experiment,” a chance to put Quaker ideals and toleration into practice. • As governor, William Penn wrote the Charter of Liberties, the state’s constitution, which allowed the colonists to elect representatives. • He also made treaties with Native American tribes and encouraged settlers to come to Pennsylvania.

28. 1.04 Coming to America • William Bradford & the Pilgrims • Established Massachusetts in 1620 after signing a peace treaty with the Native Americans living in the area. • Unhappy with the Church of England, they chose separation from the government and religion of England. • They called themselves “Pilgrims” because they set out on a pilgrimage or journey to be free. • William Bradford was one of the original Plymouth leaders and one of its elected governors. • Other important leaders from the New England colonies are Roger Williams and John Winthrop. • Anne Hutchinson • Was the wife of a Massachusetts merchant and a mother of 13 children. • Her belief that she could communicate directly with God got her into trouble with the Puritan ministers who were also in charge of the government. • Hutchinson was taken to court, convicted, and banished from Massachusetts in 1638. • She helped establish a new colony in Rhode Island and is best known as an early champion of women’s rights and religious freedom.

29. 1.04 Coming to America • John Smith • Helped establish Jamestown Virginia in 1607. • His experience as a soldier, helped him to instill discipline in the colony and organized working groups for food gathering and farming. • George Calvert of Maryland and John Oglethorpe of Georgia were also important leaders in the Southern colonies.

30. Quiz Time! • What were the main products of the New England economy? • A: Ocean trade and fishing • B: Farming and metalworking • C: Skilled trades and fur trapping • D: Large-scale farming and trade with England

31. The Correct Answer Is… • A: Ocean trade and fishing

32. Quiz Time! • What was the main reason the New England and Middle colonies did not have many slaves? • A: People used only paid workers on their farms. • B: People did not want to pay the taxes on slaves. • C: People had no means of transporting or purchasing slaves. • D: People had smaller self-sufficient farms or worked in skilled trades.

33. The Correct Answer Is… • D: People had smaller self-sufficient farms or worked in skilled trades.

34. Quiz Time! • Which statement describes Anne Hutchinson? • A. Hutchinson helped spread Quaker ideals in the middle region. • B: Hutchinson was married to the first governor of Connecticut. • C: Hutchinson was convicted of the attempted murder of John Smith. • D: Hutchinson was a champion of women’s rights and religious freedom.

35. The Correct Answer Is… • D: Hutchinson was a champion of women’s rights and religious freedom.

36. 1.05 Economics & Slavery • What is colonial interdependence? • Domestic Interdependence • Both the colonies and the colonists within a community were economically dependent on one another. • International Interdependence • European countries also had an economic relationship with their colonies. The English 13 colonies provide raw materials like cotton to England. Factories in England would use the cotton to produce cloth. Manufactured goods like cloth were then shipped back to the colonies to sell or traded to other European countries.

37. 1.05 Economics & Slavery • What impact did slaves have on the economy? • Enslaved Africans were an important part of the colonial economy. • State and local governments made money on slavery by imposing taxes on all slave transactions and by collecting taxes from each plantation estate based upon the number of slaves living there. • Why were slaves so important to the economy? • A large number of enslaved Africans in the Southern colonies worked in the fields harvesting cash crops such as tobacco, cotton, and rice.

38. 1.05 Economics & Slavery • Why did many colonists support slavery even though they knew it was wrong? • They depended on the transatlantic slave trade (also called “triangular trade” from the three ports of trade: New England, Africa, and the Caribbean) to supply manual labor. • Having proven themselves capable workers on sugar plantations in the Caribbean, enslaved Africans were a commodity that colonists bought and sold. • Stripped of their rights and freedom, slaves were beaten, separated from their families, and worked continually. • Because slaves were not paid, profits were higher.

39. Quiz Time! • What was one of the main differences between slaves who were considered artisans and slaves who worked in the fields? • A: Artisan slaves were only men. • B: Artisan slaves were paid a salary. • C: Artisan slaves were skilled workers. • D: Artisan slaves were treated better than the field slaves were.

40. The Correct Answer Is… • C: Artisan slaves were skilled workers.

41. Quiz Time! • Which of the following best states the relationship between the Colonies and European countries? • A: The colonies were responsible for providing workers for European factories. The factories produced items for the New World. • B: The colonies traded guns and ammunition with Europe for slaves. The slaves worked on colonial plantations. • C: Europe distilled rum and sold it to the colonies for slaves. The colonies collected and sold slaves for raw materials. • D: Europe countries relied on raw materials from the colonies. The colonies relied on manufactured goods from Europe.

42. The Correct Answer Is… • D: Europe countries relied on raw materials from the colonies. The colonies relied on manufactured goods from Europe.

43. 1.06 The Historian’s Clues • What is a primary source vs. what is a secondary source? • A primary source is any source that was created at the time of the historical period that you are investigating. • Why are Primary Source Documents Important? • They give us insight into the lives of regular people. • Help us understand the culture of a period. • A secondary source is created after the time period of the event or historical period. • A secondary source can be a biography, movie, or textbook.

44. 1.06 The Historian’s Clues • How do you determine if a source is valid or invalid? • Who wrote the source and why? • Did the author have first hand experience of the matter? • How soon after the event(s) was the source written? • Did/does the author have an particular standpoint? • Did the author have an axe to grind? • Who published the book or article? • Does it contain references? • Does the it push a particular view point?

45. Quiz Time! • A primary source would be most useful for which type of assignment? • A: The study of aculture at the time of an event • B: The summary of an event • C: The report offering different expert opinions on an event • D: A study focusing on 50 years after the event

46. The Correct Answer Is… • A: The study of a culture at the time of an event

47. Quiz Time! • Which of the following groups are primary sources? • A: A diary, a cooking pan, and a recipe book • B: A book of historical fiction, a museum display, an encyclopedia entry • C: A business contract, a summary of an industry's history, tax records from the past • D: A bill of purchase for farm equipment, a picture of farm tools, a landowner's record books

48. The Correct Answer Is… • A: A diary, a cooking pan, and a recipe book

49. Quiz Time! • Which of the following resource would be the least valid for a project on the Jamestown settlement? • A: A firsthand account from one of the British settlers • B: A firsthand account from one of the Native Americans present • C: A British newspaper article written shortly after the settlement occurred • D: A summary of events posted on an anti-British website

50. The Correct Answer Is… • D: A summary of events posted on an anti-British website