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Assessment of Policy Options to reduce Air Pollution from Shipping using Market Based Instruments

Assessment of Policy Options to reduce Air Pollution from Shipping using Market Based Instruments. P. Campling , S. Janssen, P. Lodewijks, Koen Van Den Bossche (IEEP), Kris Vanherle (TML). Overview . Background, objectives and consortium Importance of maritime emissions

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Assessment of Policy Options to reduce Air Pollution from Shipping using Market Based Instruments

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  1. Assessment of Policy Options to reduce Air Pollution from Shipping using Market Based Instruments P. Campling, S. Janssen, P. Lodewijks, Koen Van Den Bossche (IEEP), Kris Vanherle (TML) Reducing air pollution from shipping

  2. Overview • Background, objectives and consortium • Importance of maritime emissions • Policy developments to reduce maritime emissions • Legal and technical issues • Approach to quantifying benefits of including maritime into a land based ETS • Summary Reducing air pollution from shipping

  3. Background, objectives and consortium • Background – DG ENV service contract Dec ’08 to Dec ’09 – use of market based instruments to reduce air pollution • Lot 1 – land based sources (IPPC installations) – ENTEC consortium • Lot 2 – maritime sources – VITO consortium • Objective and tasks • Expand land based EU ETS to include maritime sector • Special attention to legal and technical aspects (Task 1) • Possible solutions to obstacles (Task 2) • Assessment of benefits (Task 3) • Consortium • VITO – project coordination, air dispersion modelling, ETS (MBI) tool, impact assessments • IEEP – environmental policy experts at EU level, maritime law • TML – TREMOVE model, maritime emissions, abatement curves • ARCADIS – maritime emissions and abatement curves Reducing air pollution from shipping

  4. Importance of maritime emissions • 90% of EU’s external trade transported by water • 3.5 billion tonnes freight loaded and unloaded per year • Sea freight grew 34% 1995 to 2005 • Most major ports continue to grow • Rotterdam 1990 to 2004 +23% • Antwerp 1990 to 2004 +50% • Hamburg 1990 to 2004 +88% Reducing air pollution from shipping

  5. Importance of maritime emissions (SO2 and NOx) Reducing air pollution from shipping

  6. Policy developments to reduce shipping emissions (Sulphur) (2000 to 2006) Reducing air pollution from shipping

  7. Policy developments to reduce shipping emissions (Sulphur) (2007 to 2010) Reducing air pollution from shipping

  8. NEC Report Version 6 (IIASA) – emissions (kT) Reducing air pollution from shipping

  9. Legal and technical issues and constraints International legal framework (enforcement / practicalities) • Main problem transboundary issue (+different jurisdictional zones) • Law of the Sea convention (maritime zones affecting enforcement) • Marine pollution (in principle dealt with through IMO - politically/or legally regarded as sole institution) • Internal waters (port state jurisdiction) • Territorial seas (innocent passage) (<12nm) • Contiguous zone (only enforcement of functional rights in respect of territory) (12 – 24 nm) • Exclusive Economic Zone (only functional sovereign rights) (<200nm) • High seas (flag state jurisdiction) • Flag of convenience within and outside Community waters Reducing air pollution from shipping

  10. Preliminary results of legal / technical analysis • Inland waters (including ports) • Emission trading possible • Differentiated dues/charges possible • Taxation possible • Imposing fuel and technology standards possible • Territorial seas (less 12 nautical miles) – MBI and regulation tools are only possible in “context of services rendered” • Emission trading NOT possible • Differentiated dues/charges possible • Taxation possible • Imposing fuel and technology standards NOT possible Reducing air pollution from shipping

  11. Shipping emissions inventory • Determine an EU maritime emission baseline, taking into account: • Geographic distribution • Port / at sea (cfr. different health impact, ETS schemes) • Source type (i.e. technology relating to abatement options) • (Vessel type) • (Size) • Data sets – EXTREMIS database (inventory developed for JRC), IIASA data (based partially on ENTEC grid), TREMOVE and EMMOSS (detailed ship emissions from Belgian ports) Reducing air pollution from shipping

  12. Shipping emissions – ports vv seas, EU vessels vv non- EU vessels (NOX) Reducing air pollution from shipping

  13. Shipping emissions – ports vv seas, EU vessels vv non- EU vessels (SO2) Reducing air pollution from shipping

  14. Modelling impact of ETS (MBI) options • Specific Objectives • Modelling the environmental impacts of an NOx and SO2 ETS (other MBI options) extended for ship emissions • EU wide assessment (60km resolution) • Zoom on restricted trading zones or hotspots e.g. the Channel, Baltic Sea (7.5 km resolution) Reducing air pollution from shipping

  15. Population density ExternE factors Critical loads Modelling scheme for impact of ETS (MBI) options Emission inventory maritime sector EU emission inventory (IIASA, EMEP) ECMWF meteorology Emission Trading System (MBI options) E-MAP (emission mapping tool) belEUROS (dispersion model) – EU and hotspots Impact assessment Reducing air pollution from shipping

  16. Modelling impact of ETS (MBI options) simulations • Transformation of ETS output to gridded emissions: E-MAP tool • Tool developed at VITO • Spatial distribution of emissions making use of proxy data (e.g. shipping routes, EPRTR stack data, poplation density…) • Output emissions compatible with dispersion model Reducing air pollution from shipping

  17. Dispersion modelling tool • Dispersion model: BelEUROS • EUROS developed by RIVM (Netherlands) for modelling of ozone • BelEUROS extended by Vito in 2004/2005 to model dispersion of primary and secondary particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) • Meteo: ECMWF (T, rH, wv+wd, CC, PR, mixing layer height) • Emissions: EMEP/CORINAIR + local emission inventories • Emission scenarios: GAINS Europe • Resolution: horizontal: 60 kmor 7.5 km Reducing air pollution from shipping

  18. Impact assessment • Gridded emissions (E-MAP) • Air quality maps for the EU domain and the Channel zoom (belEUROS) • Impact assessment on human health (population exposure) and sensitive ecosystems (exceedance of critical loads) Reducing air pollution from shipping

  19. Summary • Shipping is an important source of NOx and SO2 emissions • Legal and technical constraints on using MBI to reduce NOx and SO2 pollution from ships (legal jurisdiction, legal enforcement, EU vv non-EU vessels, 16 vessel type categories • Inland waters (including ports) – ETS, differentiated dues/charges, taxation, fuel and technology standards • Territorial seas (less 12 nautical miles) – only differentiated dues/charges and taxation in context of services rendered • Ports only account for <10% NOx and S02 emissions • Generic tool at EU level – ETS (ports) + differentiated dues/charges (territorial seas + resticted seas e.g. Baltic, Adriatic)???? • Confined ETS scheme – Port Zone (ships trading with local IPPC installations)???? Reducing air pollution from shipping

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