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Hotspots and Free WiFi in a Ubiquitous City. Do they Serve Citizens’ Information Needs? The U-City Oulu as a Case Stu

Hotspots and Free WiFi in a Ubiquitous City. Do they Serve Citizens’ Information Needs? The U-City Oulu as a Case Study. L. Schumann, S. Rölike & W. G. Stock Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany laura.schumann@hhu.de | steffen.roelike@hhu.de | stock@phil.uni-duesseldorf.de.

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Hotspots and Free WiFi in a Ubiquitous City. Do they Serve Citizens’ Information Needs? The U-City Oulu as a Case Stu

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  1. Hotspots and Free WiFi in a Ubiquitous City. Do they Serve Citizens’ Information Needs?The U-City Oulu as a Case Study L. Schumann, S. Rölike & W. G. Stock Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany laura.schumann@hhu.de | steffen.roelike@hhu.de | stock@phil.uni-duesseldorf.de

  2. Overview • Ubiquitous Cities • The U-City Oulu • Methods • Results • Prospects Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  3. Ubiquitous Computing • Ubiquitous (=omnipresent) computing: integrating information processing thoroughly into everyday objects and activities • Participants may not necessarily even be aware of the technology “Machines that fit the human environment instead of forcing humans to enter theirs" (York & Pendharkar, 2004, p. 771) Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  4. Ubiquitous Cities • Ubiquitous computing in a city wide context: • Integrating advanced ICT-based infrastructures, city-specific information services and content into the urban space • Aim: • Offer any services anywhere and anytime • enhanced living conditions Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  5. Ubiquitous Cities - Services Different aspects of the daily routine: • U-Life: • Home banking, telecommuting, teleconferencing, telemedicine, remote sensing, telematics • U-Business: • Multimedia conferencing, information management, virtual markets, smart-offices • U-Government: • Emergency control, intelligent transportation system (ITS), control of urban infrastructure, environmentmonitoring, sensornetworks Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  6. The U-City Oulu • City in Northern Finland, fourthlargestcityofFinland, consideredasthe "smartestcityof Europe" (ICF, 2012) • Project "UbiOulu": • PanOULU: Open and free city-wide WiFi-network • UBI-Hotspots: Interactive publicdisplaysprovidinginformation services • Middleware: Necessaryforthefunctionality Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  7. panOULU • Public-private partnership involving five public organizations and four ISPs • ∼ 1,350 Access Points (APs) • ∼ 500 APs deployed near the city center • Public places in and around Oulu Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  8. panOULU = OK = Offline = Status unknown = Upcoming = Several access points Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  9. UBI-Hotspots • Since May 2009 • 21 indoorandoutdoordisplays • 57” Full HD LCD panel, internet connection, quad core control PC, 2 overhead video cameras, NFC/RFID reader, loudspeakers etc. • 2 different modes: • Passive broadcast mode • Interactive mode Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  10. UBI-Hotspots • Categories: News, Services, City, 3rd Party, Fun & Games, Multimedia, New Cool Stuff • Massive amount of quantitative and qualitative data Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  11. Case Study - Methods • Qualitative interviewswithstakeholders • Quantitative userstudy • Participants (n ≈ 1.000): • University students(University of Oulu) • Uppersecondaryschoolstudents(OulunLyseoUpper Secondary School) • 100 hard copy questionnaires • Online questionnaire (May 23rd to June 10th 2012) Digital Natives Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  12. Case Study – MethodsQuestionnaires • Fourcategories: • Demographicalaspects (fourquestions) • UBI Displays (eight questions) • PanOULU WLAN (six questions) • General questions (five questions) • Five types of questions: • Multiple choice • Multiple choice and additional text field possibility of commenting an answer • Free text field • Scale with grades (1-5) • Questions that depend on a preceding question Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  13. Case Study - Methods • Research questions: • Do hotspots really meet information needs of their users? What kinds of services are mainly used via interactive screens? • Does free WiFi satisfy information needs of the users? What kinds of services are mainly used via free WiFi? • Is free WiFi a competitor of commercial internet service providers? Does it lead to market distortion? Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  14. Case Study - Results 1) n=1.045; multiple answers n=1.028; multiple answers Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  15. Case Study - Results 2) n=652; multiple answers Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  16. Case Study - Results 3) n=1.047 Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  17. Case Study - Results 4) n=1.047 Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  18. Case Study - Results 5) n=1.046 Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  19. Case Study - Results 6) n=610 Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  20. Case Study - Results 7) n=1.010; multiple answers Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  21. Case Study - Results 9) n=1.025; multiple answers Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  22. Case Study - Results 10) n=1.028 Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  23. Case Study - Results 11) n=1.026 Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  24. Case Study - Results 12) n=1.013 Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  25. Case Study - Results 13) n=1.025 n=1.025 Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  26. Case Study - Results 14) n=948 n=1.001 Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  27. Case Study - Results • Nosignificantgenderspecificdifferences • Weatherdoesn‘tinfluencetheusageofthehotspotsindoorandoutdoorhotspots • Turnoveroflocal ISPs not endangeredbythe panOULU WLAN • Bothservicessatisfythedefinitionofubiquitoustools Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  28. Case Study - Results Hotspots: • Rarely used • Meettheinformationneedsoftheirusersonlytosmallextent • Limited tocity-specificinformation • Small perceivedusefulness • Needs forimprovement: • Usability • Content • Technical aspects Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  29. Case Study - Results Open WiFi: • Frequently-used service • Satisfiesmany different informationneeds, e.g.: • Communication (e-mail) • News • Socialnetworking (Facebook) • Basic needs etc. Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  30. Case Study - Results Open WiFi: • Consideredasuseful • Not as limited to a specificplaceasthe UBI Hotspots • Needs forimprovement: • Coveredarea • Safety Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  31. Prospects • Why do people prefer the panOULU WLAN? • How do usage, adoption, trust and perceived usefulness correlate? Information Service Evaluation Model (ISE-Model) Schumann, Rölike & Stock

  32. Thank you for your attention! Schumann, Rölike & Stock

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