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Pressurized water reactor ( PWR) Водо-водяной энергетический реактор (ВВЭР). Power transfer. Power transfer in PWR. Nuclear fuel in the reactor vessel is engaged in a fission chain reaction, which produces heat, heating the water in the primary coolant loop.
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Pressurized water reactor (PWR)Водо-водяной энергетический реактор (ВВЭР)
Power transfer in PWR • Nuclear fuel in the reactor vessel is engaged in a fission chain reaction, which produces heat, heating the water in the primary coolant loop. • The hot primary coolant is pumped into steam generator. • Heat is transferred to the lower pressure secondary coolant where it evaporates to pressurized steam. • The pressurized steam is fed through a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator connected to the electric grid for distribution. • After passing through the turbine the secondary coolant is cooled down and condensed in a condenser. • The condenser converts the steam to a liquid so that it can be pumped back into the steam generator.
Передача энергии в ВВЭР • Ядерное топливо в реакторе участвует в цепной реакции деления, которая производит тепло, используемое для нагревания воды первого контура. • Горячий теплоноситель первого контура поступает в парогенератор. • Тепло передается теплоносителю второго контура с более низким давлением, где он (теплоноситель) превращается в пар. • Пар поступает в паровую турбину, которая вращает электрический генератор, связанный с распределительной электрической сетью. • После прохождения через турбину теплоноситель второго контура охлаждается и конденсируется в конденсаторе. • В конденсаторе пар превращается в воду, так что она может поступить обратно в парогенератор.
Coolant (Теплоноситель) • Light water is used as the primary coolant in the PWR. It enters the bottom of the reactor core at about 275 °C and is heated as it flows upwards through the reactor core to a temperature of about 315°C. • The coolant is pumped around the primary circuit by powerful pumps, which can consume up to 6 MW each. • After picking up heat as it passes through the reactor core, the primary coolant transfers heat in a steam generator to water in a lower pressure secondary circuit, evaporating the secondary coolant to saturated steam – in most designs 6.2MPa, 275 °C – for use in the steam turbine. • The cooled primary coolant is then returned to the reactor vessel to be heated again.
Moderator (Замедлитель) • PWRs require the fast fission neutrons to be slowed down (a process called moderation) in order to interact with the nuclear fuel and sustain the chain reaction. • The coolant water is used as a moderator by letting the neutrons undergo multiple collisions with light hydrogen atoms in the water, loosing speed in the process.
Control (Управление) • Control rods are used to maintain primary system temperature at the desired point. • The reactor control rods, inserted through the reactor vessel head directly into the fuel bundles, are moved for the following reasons: • to start up the reactor; • to compensate for nuclear poison inventory; • To compensate for nuclear fuel depletion.
Test for the Audience Do you know this words?
Albeit - сокр. от all though it be (that) хотя и i.e. - сокр. от id estто есть Vice versa - наоборот, обратно, противоположно Approximately - приблизительно, около, почти Correspondingly - соответственно To shut down - отключить, остановить
