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The Coal & Coal Mining–its environment, pollution, management and economics Engr. S.M.Nurul Aurangajeb, P Eng. Deputy General Manager( Surface Operation) Barapukuria Coal Mining Co.Ltd. Introduction.
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The Coal & Coal Mining–its environment, pollution, management and economicsEngr. S.M.Nurul Aurangajeb, P Eng. Deputy General Manager( Surface Operation) Barapukuria Coal Mining Co.Ltd
Introduction • “It is impossible to make some one better off without making another one worse off”-So, a mining activity may lead to harm to the surrounding environment as well as to the population, but a lot of benefits it renders. • The Geological Survey of Bangladesh (GSB) discovered coal deposits in Northwest of Bangladesh, in a rural agricultural setting. • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) addresses in a comprehensive and open manner, • An Environmental Management Plan is to be developed and maintain to address likely impacts, mitigation action plans, monitoring management of risks, and schedules.
If this natural resources are not used, they will lie underneath which will have no economical value at all. • But the activities involved in a coalmine development require more precaution, abiding by the safety rules strictly and environmental regulations precisely. • An eco-friendly environment as well as prosperous economy, which would eventually contribute to building macro economic stability and growth. • A socio-economic appraisal of a coalmine requires vast investigation and study, applying management, economics and engineering theories.\ • To address certain issues applying international norms, practices and engineering, managerial and professional experiences.
Necessary to develop in parallel with technical issues, a comprehensive environmental and social impact assessments in a process of consultation with all stakeholders, demographic and socioeconomic, resettlement, town planning, operational information centre, government and community consultations etc. • Design and operation plans of the mine, site rehabilitation, resettlement and mine closure shall be developed in consultation with the relevant stakeholders and driven by sustainable ecological and social principles. Using mining industry ‘best practice’ procedures; following environmental and social safeguard policies (on such issues as resettlement, ethnic minority people and cultural property) the mining method is deduced.
Establishment of Safety→Shaft sinking→Ventilation system in place →Pit bottom Development →Substation Building→→Main Road Way Development→Coal road way Dev. →→Equipment installation →Trial running →Coal Production Underground mine Development
Establishment of Dewatering System → Water Recharging →→ Removing Over Burden → Making access to coal →→ Coal Extraction → Refilling etc. Open Cut Mine Development
Underground Road way Development Drilling →Blasting →Rock bolting / Wire Meshing / I-steel support → Drainage system →Local Ventilation System → Some Typical Equipment and Coal Transport Shearer →AFC →Crusher→ Stage Loader→ Belt Conveyor→ Coal Bunker →Hoisting →Surface Coal Silo
U/g Mining • Long wall • Board and Pillar • Top Caving • etc Open Cut Mining • Stratified • Non Stratified • Horizontal • Inclined • etc
The Coal Mine & Coal Reserve: • . • After techno-economic feasibility study a Coal mine and mining technique are under taken. • The Coal seam generally lies in between rock layers. • Earlier adopting Underground mining technology. • Open cut coal mining - overburden removal- yielding near about 95 percent or more-less hazards • Roadways are developed through the bottom layer of rock • Horses used for carriage, and shovels, spades for extraction • Electric locos blasting & fully automated machines used • Huge production with less physical efforts.
The Coal • The Coal deposits formed during the geological age of Permian era. • Decomposition of trees, shrubs, shale and other living matter. • Lignite very raw and vegetable matters more distinct. • Bituminous Coal better with less smoke, high calorific value. • The final phase anthracite best in quality with high calorific value, high carbon content, low ash, low sulfur content and low in other impurities with high specific weight. • Coal surfaces dull in nature & some with presence of glazy vitreous substances.
The uses of Coal • Mainly for generating electricity. Also for steel mills, brickfields, loco engines, steamer i.e. to drive mechanical devices and other factories using heat for their production. Specification of Coal • Can be designated mainly as per carbon content and heating value. Carbon content main determinant of heating value less impurities & moisture content.
Coal reserve in Bangladesh To present about 5 deposits discovered
TOTAL: 3300 MMT (77.94 TCF) 390 MMT BARAPUKURIA 685 MMT KHALASPEER 1,053 MMT JAMALGONJ 572 MMT PHULBARI 600MMT DIGHIPARA Coal Reserve Equivalent to Gas
The consequences of mining activities • Subsidence • Water table lowering. • Water pollution. • Roof fall. • Toxic gases • Underground fire-hazards. • The fire originating from external heat sources • The fire ignited by itself • Dust pollution and explosion. • The health hazard of dust. • Combustion and explosion. • Methane explosion. • Land slide. • Earth dust.
Other Oil 2.1% 6.7% Nuclear 15.7% Coal 39.8% Hydro 16.1% Gas 19.6% Total World Electricity Generation in 2004 (% by fuel)
Environment & Social Management • Environmental management and rehabilitation -integral parts of the mining process; • Specific management plan is to be integrated into a comprehensive Environment Monitoring Plan (EMP) that identifies management resources and incorporates environmental commitments identified in the EIA. • Environmental and social management plans for regular annual reporting to the GoB and other relevant stakeholders. • The Mine’s EMP will ensure that:Sufficient money and personnel resources allocation to manage mine operations and potential impacts on the surrounding environment and community; • The EMP updates -a fully integrated document, including:-Biophysical monitoring and performance: • Social impact management;Mining operations and rehabilitation and Mine closure
Some Environmental Protection Regulations • According to environmental quality standards of Bangladesh (1991) -smoke extraction standard SPM 500mg/m3, S02 120 mg/m3, CO 5000 mg/m3, NO 100 mg/m3, and noise standard is 75 dba. Sanitary sewage discharge standard is neutral PH value, SS<100 mg/L, BOD5 < 40 mg/l, temperature is below 30ºC, colibacillus is no greater than 1000 pcs/100ml. • Air pollution discharged from underground roadway by main fan, which contains mainly dust and gas, smoke discharges from the boiler house. • Environmental Management Resources. -Sufficient money and personnel resources to ensure that the EMP effectively implemented and managed. • Under the Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) Management, there shall be specific persons working on environmental management of the mine.
Major impacts on environment and population :Since the mine operation as well as development emerge some sort of pollutant during blasting operation, advancing the roadway, roof fall for underground mine, water inrush for both underground and open cast mine, methane explosion, the gas content, surface subsidence level for underground mine, total water management should be carefully monitored and proper measures should be taken as and when required basis. • Various data should have to be collected, analyzed & classified. Ultimately a methodology could be derived, formulated & implemented and a trade off been arrived, arisen from development & operational work and the economic benefits result. • Land acquisition and population displacement.-The minefield has to acquire a large area of land for mining activities. This will require displacement of the population . Nevertheless, measures will be implemented during all phases to minimize population displacement as much as possible.—Leaving coal pillars.
Land acquisition will occur in accordance with the regulations of the Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property (Amendment) Act 1994 or by special legislation. • Households and businesses from this area according to a phased resettlement program that will run for over a considerable time. • Resettlement Planning. - Mine Entitlement Matrix that details resettlement and compensation entitlements; -Development plan for ethnic minority groups;-Township and surrounding villages; and
Key features of the social environment • The estimated main social impact from activities will be in the 5 kilometer Zone. • - a homestead is often occupied by an extended family (father and married sons) and typically consists of a few houses and outbuildings surrounded by fruit trees;-Males head most households. • -Ethnic minority groups. • Agriculture (mainly rice production) underpins the local economy and is an important source of livelihood and income for farm, non-farm and landless households. • Trade, transport and manufacturing are important non-farm sources of employment and income. • Business and trading activities of a non-agricultural nature include furniture builders, jewellery, factories, bakeries, oil mills, brickfields, rice mills and smaller cottage industries such as blacksmiths, potters and jute work; • There are archaeological sites, NGOs and community based organizations (CBOs) that participate in a wide range of activities.
Mine rehabilitation -Money is available for rehabilitation works. • Resettlement optionsA basic principle in the planning of the resettlement program is to be given affected persons a choice of resettlement options, so as to minimize the risks associated with involuntary displacement. These options are outlined below: -Resettlement to the new extended Township or to designated upazila village relocation sites. Residential and business plots will be provided, as will infrastructure, services and utilities. Resettled households would be able to choose between the provision of replacement housing by the Project, or -Cash compensation for constructing their own houses. -Establishment of new villages to which ethnic minority households from the various villages in the mine displacement area can relocate. • Township and village relocation sites. • The development of the new town and villages will be constructed in stages in response to the development of the mine and the progressive relocation of the villages.
Livelihoods, employment and income.-The acquisition of land will have substantial impacts on the livelihoods and income-generating potential of all households and businesses within the mine displacement area, both agricultural and non-agricultural. Livelihood related impacts that may occur include: • i) Fair compensation for the loss of land, buildings and other assets;ii) An annual dividend for certain years to landowners with legal title, calculated on the basis of the size of their acquired landholding;iii) A one time grant for lost income;iv) Additional assistance to re-establish livelihoods (e.g. training).v) Enactment of a local recruitment policy to enable direct employment for project-affected people; and v) Establishment of a trust fund for community development projects.
Benefits of a Mine project The Mine is required for the following reasons: -Supports GoB Objectives.-New Local Energy Alternative.-New Source of Electricity.-Domestic Markets.-Economic Considerations
The issues to be addressed 1)Technological consideration 2)Safety aspect 3) Managerial consideration. 4)Social economic consideration 5) Environmental consideration. 1)Technological consideration The mining method: 1.1) Under ground mining 1.2) Open cut mining 2) Safety aspect 2.1). Safety and Mitigation measures from the hazards resulting in development and production activities: In underground Coal mine the trapped methane in the Coal seam may become explosive if the percentage explosives are blasting and is diverted to return roadway. becomes more than 5%-16% & in presence of any fire source it explodes. So, methane concentration is kept below the explosive mixture.
2.2)Total safety system -Self Rescuer -Safety boots, Helmets, Mine Lamp etc -Safety Training 3) Managerial consideration 3.1) Efficient Mine operation. 3.2 Institute and resettlement management resources. 3.3) Waste pollution and its utilization: 3.4) Disposal of solid garbage: 4) Social economic consideration 4.1) Organization Establishment. -Social/cultural practices. 4.2) Cultural, religion, historical and archaeological sites. 4.3) Vulnerable groups. -Establishment of a Community Development Trust Fund; 5) Environmental consideration. 5.1) Treatment of surface subsidence: 5.2) Ground Greening:
Conclusion • The open cut mining method a new concept in Bangladesh but is a proven technology .The underground mining method used extensively having rich aquifer with aquiclude. • The region generally flood free; comparative low population density; underlain by low salinity, arsenic free groundwater. • A large amount of baseline data to be monitored through preparation of detailed mine design and during the mining operation.The concern technically, environmentally, economically and socially manageable. • Establish World’s best practice management systems for reporting to mine management and the GoB.
Recommendations • We must explore the earth to search for an alternative one. For this a coal mine is inevitable. If the coal mines are not developed, they will remain unutilized, thereby inefficient utilization of mineral resources, depriving people of a huge employment opportunities, pushing the country economically backward. • However, some remedies against environment pollution may be recommended based on study, general ideas, norms and practices. • It may be executed through extensive training, comprehensive research as well as educating the people up to the level best. • 1.ESP or other dust collecting equipment • 2.Some neutralizing gaseous substance to lessen the harmful effect of the exploded gas. • 3.To recharge underground water from the surface.
4.Dampers or other acoustic materials may be provided • 5.Tectonic movement and other features should be monitored • 6.Help re-establish some wetland and native forests for a biodiversity corridor; • 7. Develop a strategy for improved rural livelihood and biodiversity; • 8. Promote women’s entrepreneurship; • 9.Provide necessary training for development of skills. • 10.NGO’s may be employed for Resettlement.
