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Hamza Kashgari

Hamza Kashgari.

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Hamza Kashgari

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  1. Hamza Kashgari • "On your birthday, I will say that I have loved the rebel in you, that you've always been a source of inspiration to me, and that I do not like the halos of divinity around you. I shall not pray for you," HamzaKashgari wrote in one tweet."On your birthday, I find you wherever I turn. I will say that I have loved aspects of you, hated others, and could not understand many more," he wrote in a second."On your birthday, I shall not bow to you. I shall not kiss your hand. Rather, I shall shake it as equals do, and smile at you as you smile at me. I shall speak to you as a friend, no more," he concluded in a third.

  2. Chapter 9 Development

  3. “Commanding Heights” • Lenin…Government needed to control key economic sectors (the Commanding Heights) • electricity generation, heavy manufacturing, mining, and transportation

  4. Agglomeration- • Clumping together of industries for mutual advantage • Asian Tigers/Dragons- • Taiwan, S. Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore (NIC) • Backwash effect- Braindrain due to agglomeration • Big Mac Index- Tool for calculating purchasing power parity that compares Big Mac prices • Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)- measurement tool calculating exchange rates so that each currency buys an equal amount of goods

  5. Classical Liberalism- • emphasis is placed on securing the freedom of the individual by limiting the power of the state.  In its economic form, it advocates a respect for private property and free markets. • Comparative advantage- • ability of a country to produce a good or offer a service better than another • Conglomerate Corporations • Massive Corp. operating a collection of smaller companies that provide specific services • Deglomeration- • Unclumping industries due to negative effects

  6. Development- • Process of improving the material condition of people through the growth and diffusion of tech and knowledge • Development Gap • Difference between MDC and LDC/Developing countries • Dependency theory • Argues that political and econ relations among countries limit development of LDCs (Structuralist) • Vicious cycle of domination (Africa) • Interdependence not independence

  7. Economy • System of production, consumption, and distribution • Export processing zones • Also called Free trade zones • Region in LDC that offers tax breaks/less restrictions to attract export driven business • Free trade • Allowing outsourcing without regulation • Except that of the market • Fair Trade • Policies that favor regulation of business to ensure workers throughout the world are guaranteed a living wage

  8. Foreign Direct Investment • Investment by a multinational corp. in a foreign economy • Footloose Industries • Industry not bound by location • Friedrich Hayek • Believer in Classical Liberalism • Ford Production method • Globalization • Spread of activities from a home country to other parts of the world

  9. Gender Empowerment index/measure (GEM) • Compares the ability of men and women to participate in economic and political decision making • Gender related development index (GDI) • Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes • Human Development Index (HDI) • Created by the United Nations to recognize a country’s level of development as function of three factors: economic, social, and demographic factors

  10. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) • Value of the total number of goods and services produced in a country in a given period of time (normally one year). Also known as GNI (Gross National Income). • May be “GDP per capita” • Meaning per person (GDP/ Population)

  11. Public debt per capita

  12. High tech corridor (technopole) • Tech agglomerate • Industrialization • Growth of manufacturing activity in an economy or region • Usually occurs alongside a decrease in primary economic activities in a country • Primary economic activities • Activities that revolve around getting raw materials from the earth • Inflation • rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. • Each unit of currency is worth less…leads to erosion

  13. Informal sector • Network of business transactions not reported… not included in GDP • International trade approach • Method to improve a country’s development by emphasizing its unique strengths • International Monetary Fund (IMF) • Designed to stabilize exchange rates and improve payments • World Bank • Official goal to reduce poverty

  14. Liberal development theories • Emphasize government regulation in business • Literacy rate • Locational interdependence • Industries choose location based on competition • Spatially fixed vs. Spatially variable costs • Weight gaining/losing processes • Process that takes raw materials and creates a heavier/lighter products • Market orientation • Locating weight-gaining industries near the market for the heavier products • Vs. Material orientation

  15. Modernization model • W.W. Rostow (1950′s) • stages of development • 1. “The traditional society,” • 2. “The preconditions for takeoff,” • 3. “The takeoff,” • 4. “The drive to maturity,” • 5. “The age of mass consumption.”

  16. Least cost theory • Industries will locate based on the cheapest place to be • Alfred Weber • 4 factors: transportation, labor, agglomeration, deglomeration • Less Developed Countries • On the poorer side of the dev. Spectrum • LDCs or Developing nations • More Developed Countries • Multiplier effect • increase in some economic activity starts a chain reaction that generates more activity than the original increase • North-South Gap • More MDCs in N. Hemisphere vs. more LDCs in S. Hemisphere

  17. Reparations • A compensation for something that has occurred • Primary Sector • Acquisition of raw materials • Secondary Sector • Processing raw materials into a finished product • Tertiary Sector • Moving, Selling, Trading products from Primary and Secondary Sectors • Quaternary Sector • business services, such as trade, insurance, banking, advertising, and wholesaling • Quinary sector- Highest level of decision making • Ex. Legislation or presidential cabinet

  18. Outsourcing • MNC relocating parts or all factories to other countries • Pacific Rim Economic region • Four Asian tigers plus China and Japan • Self-Sufficiency approach • Build a country’s independence • Productivity • Value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it. • Privatization • Selling of publicly operated industries to companies

  19. Special economic zones (see Export processing zones) • Structural Adjustment program • Stipulations on a loan a country receives in order to get/ use the loan • Structuralist theories • Cycle of dominance • Substitution principle • Industries will move to lower labor costs while raising transportation costs • Sustainable development • Balance between human development and the environment to support it

  20. Technopole • Multinational Corporation (MNC) • Operating in more than one country • AKA International Corporation • Has a “Home” and “Hosts” • Transnational Corporations (TNC) • Multiple “Homes” • Value Added • Gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and energy.

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