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Small Water Systems Course WELLS – Chapter 3. Water Solutions Inc January – March 2008. Characteristics of Water. Physical – relates to sensory qualities of water; e.g. color, turbidity, temperature, taste and odor
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Small Water Systems Course WELLS – Chapter 3 Water Solutions Inc January – March 2008 www.h2osolutions.com
Characteristics of Water • Physical – relates to sensory qualities of water; e.g. color, turbidity, temperature, taste and odor • Chemical – chemical differences include mineral content of constituents such as fluoride, sulfide and acids • Biological – presence of organism (e.g. viruses, bacteria, algea) alive or dead and their metabolic products www.h2osolutions.com
Groundwater constant composition high mineral content low turbidity low color low or no D.O. high hardness high Fe, Mn Surface water variable composition low mineral content high turbidity colored D.O. present low hardness taste and odor Two options: www.h2osolutions.com
Water Sources • Types of Groundwater Aquifer • Unconfined • upper surface of saturated zone is free to move up and down (wells in are “water table” wells • Confined “artesian” • Permeable layer with layers of low permeability above and below that create “pressure” upon the aquifer. • Porosity & Permeability • Porosity = volume of space in a given amount of material • Permeability = how easily water will flow through material www.h2osolutions.com
Groundwater Geology www.h2osolutions.com
Water Sources • Groundwater Well Terminology • Static Water Level • Pumping Water Level • Drawdown • Difference between Static level and pumping level • Cone of Depression • Zone of Influence • Residual Drawdown www.h2osolutions.com
Water Sources • Groundwater • Well Yield • Rate of water withdrawal that a well can supply over a long period of time. “Safely” • Well Yield = Gallons Minutes www.h2osolutions.com
Groundwater • Shallow Well • Wells of less than 100’ are considered shallow • With the exception that if they penetrate a impervious geologic formation they are considered “deep” • Deep Wells • Wells that penetrate impervious or geologic strata of low permeability www.h2osolutions.com
Water Sources • Groundwater • Types of Wells • Dug Well • Bored Well • Auger 3’ diameter and 25-50’deep • Driven Well • Driven into soils – 30-40’ max • Jetted Well • Hydraulic jetting • Drilled Well • Most Common • Drilled with casing and screens www.h2osolutions.com
Dug Well www.h2osolutions.com
Submersible well pump • Clean layout • Quiet • Easy to service • No rodent issues • Expensive motor www.h2osolutions.com
Water Sources • GroundWater • Types of Wells • Radial Wells • Gravel Wall Wells • Bedrock Wells www.h2osolutions.com
Groundwater Concerns • Must be careful regarding the placement of wells. Must not be located near potential sources of contamination such as septic systems, pig farms, dairies, etc. Minimum distances are determined locally and normally on an individual basis. www.h2osolutions.com
