Hail to the Chief

1. Hail to the Chief The Power of the American Presidency 3.17.16

2. Presidential Quotations

3. President Harry S. Truman "I sit here all day trying to persuade people to do the things they ought to have the sense to do without my persuading them. That's all the powers of the President amount to." Truman, 33rd President, 1945-53

4. President John F. Kennedy “No easy problem ever comes to the President of the United States. If they are easy to solve, somebody else has solved them.” President Kennedy’s nationally televised address during the Cuban Missile Crisis, October, 1962

5. President Lyndon B. Johnson “The presidency has made every man who occupied it, no matter how small, bigger than he was; and no matter how big, not big enough for its demands.” President Johnson, 36th President, 1963-69

6. President Richard M. Nixon "Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the manner in which the president personally exercises his assigned executive powers is not subject to questioning by another branch of government." In the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, President Nixon departs the White House after his resignation, Aug., 1974

7. President George W. Bush “To those of you who received honors, awards, and distinctions, I say 'Well done.' And to the C students, I say 'You, too, can be president of the United States.'” President George W. Bush, speaking at Yale University's 300th commencement ceremony President Bush, 43rd President, 2001-present

8. Chapter 12 Theme A • The Power of the President Theme B • The Institutionalization of the Presidency Theme C • Budget Process…Limits to President’s domestic policymaking

9. The Modern Imperial Presidency • What does the term imperial imply? • What factors contribute to this? • Crisis = precedents • Other branches • Public • Personality Imperial Presidency is a term that became popular in the 1960s and that served as the title of a 1973 volume by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. to describe the modern presidency of the United States. The author wrote The Imperial Presidency out of two concerns; first that the US Presidency was out of control and second that the Presidency had exceeded the constitutional limits.

10. Presidential Benefits • $400,000 tax-free salary • $50,000/year expense account • $100,000/year travel expenses • The White House • Secret Service protection • Camp David country estate • Air Force One personal airplane • Staff of 400-500 Christmas at the White House, 2004

11. Presidential Powers: According to the Constitution Look at Student Handout 1 and explain this quote: “The President’s powers are broad, and vaguely defined”

12. Presidential Roles

13. Chief Executive President Clinton with Janet Reno, the first female Attorney General, February, 1993 President Bush holds cabinet meeting in October, 2005

14. Commander-in-Chief President Johnson decorates a soldier in Vietnam, October, 1966 President Bush aboard U.S.S. Lincoln, May, 2003

15. Head of State Queen Elizabeth and President Reagan, 1983 President Kennedy speaks at Berlin Wall, 1963

16. Foreign Policy

17. Chief Legislator President Clinton delivers the State of the Union Address, 1997 President Roosevelt signs into law the Social Security Act, 1935

18. Political Party Leader President Reagan & Vice-President Bush accepting their party’s nomination in 1980

19. Crisis Manager President Bush at Ground Zero after 9-11 Vice-President Johnson sworn in aboard Air Force One after President Kennedy’s assassination, 1963

20. Moral Persuader President Roosevelt and the “Bully Pulpit,” 1910 President Lincoln during the Civil War, 1862

21. Informal Powers • In the modern era the President’s informal powers may be significantly more powerful than his formal powers • Implied from Executive Power clause “take care laws are faithfully executed”

22. Executive Orders • Pres. Directive that becomes law w/o cong. Approval • Pertains to existing statues or other Const. responsibilities • Usually to Gov’t agencies and officials • Impact avg. citizen…From the Press office of W.H. • Truman desegregation of military • “Don’t ask don’t tell” • Internment of Japanese Americans • GWB banning federal funding to planned parenthood-Obama reversing that decision • Obama’s amnesty to immigrants Notice for Japanese “relocation,” 1942

23. Executive Agreements • International agreements, usually related to trade, made by a president that has the force of a treaty; does NOT need Senate approval • Usually an extension of a treaty approved by Senate OR an act already approved by Congress via Joint Resolution. • Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana in 1803 • GWB announced cuts in the nuclear arsenal • Annexation of territory

24. Executive Privilege • Claim by a president that he has the right to decide that the national interest will be better served if certain information is withheld from the public, including the Courts and Congress • Used when trying to withhold information or documents from other branches of government (Congressional subpoena) • Relies on Sep. of Powers doctrine & “confidential advice” • United States v. Nixon (1973) – presidents do NOT have unqualified executive privilege

25. Signing Statements

27. Cooperative Quiz 1 1. 2. 3.

28. Making ConnectionsAnalyzing Presidential Decisions • Presidential Roles, Formal & Informal Powers: 17-18 = 20/20 15-16 = 19/20 13-14 = 18/20 11-12 = 17/20 9-10 = 16/20

29. The Presidency on Trial Assessing the Limits of Presidential Power

30. Formal Checks on Presidential Power

31. Congressional Checks on the President(Article I) • Make laws (ex: War Powers Resolution) • Override presidential vetoes • Power to declare war • Power of the purse (taxes and funding) • Regulation of the land and naval forces • Impeachment

32. Limits on Presidential Power (Article II) • President must deliver State of the Union address • Senate approves treaties, ambassadors and department appointments • “Advice and consent” of federal judge appointments (Senate)

33. Judicial Checks on the President • Judicial review (Marbury v. Madison) • Chief Justice presides over presidential impeachment trial (Article I)

34. Constitutional Amendments 20th– Shortened “Lame Duck” period 22nd– Presidential term limits (2 terms; 10 years total) 25th– Presidential disability and succession

35. Limits on Presidential Power: Informal Checks

36. Public Opinion In a televised address in March, 1968, President Johnson announced he would not seek the Democratic nomination for president due to sagging public support for his administration and the war in Vietnam. Though he enjoyed record public support during the Persian Gulf War, President George H. W. Bush saw his numbers dip dramatically in the polls and he lost his re-election bid to democrat Bill Clinton in 1992.

37. The Media

38. PartisanPolitics Howard Dean, Chairman of the Democratic National Committee and vigorous critic of the Bush administration, May, 2005 Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich (R) battles President Bill Clinton (D) over the national budget resulting in the shutdown of the federal government in 1995

39. Congressional Investigations Senate Banking Committee begins its investigative hearings on the Whitewater scandal during the Clinton administration (1994) Oliver North testifies before Congress at the Iran-Contra hearings during the Reagan administration (1987) Former FEMA director Michael Brown testifies before the House Select Committee on Hurricane Katrina, Sept., 2002

40. Interest Groups & NGO’s The National Right to Life Committee and other pro-life interest groups spoke out against President Clinton’s veto of the ban on partial birth abortion, 1996 The National Organization of Women, Cindy Sheehan, and others protest the war in Iraq, April, 2006

41. Theme A Quiz Part I. Making Connections: In-class Cooperative Application of knowledge 50 pts • 15 Formal Checks identified within the 10 examples • 14-15 Formal Checks = 25 pts • 13 Formal Checks = 23 pts • 11-12 Formal Checks = 21 pts • 10 Formal Checks = 20 pts • 16 Informal Checks identified within the 10 examples. (Some examples may not have any informal checks) • 15-16 Informal Checks = 25 pts • 14 Informal Checks = 23 pts • 12-13 Informal Checks = 21 pts • 11 Informal Checks = 20 pts

42. Presidential Powers Struggle“Tug of War” • Adv: Formal Powers such as… • Disadvantages: • Mandatory Spending • Party Polarization & Divided Gov’t • Lame-Duck Goal…Influence Policymaking Process

44. Presidential Powers Struggle“Tug of War” Growth of Imperial Presidency • War Powers (Gulf of Tonkin) • Line-Item Veto (Clinton) • Executive Privilege (Nixon) • Impoundment of Funds (Nixon) Congress/S.C Strikes Back: Power to Say No • War Powers Act 1973 • Clinton v. City of New York • US v Nixon • 1972 Budget Reform Act

45. Title:"Bill Clinton's Christmas present from the U.S. House." Artist: John Pritchett Date: unknown Source: http://www.pritchettcartoons.com/gift.htm

46. Title:“The Madness of King George" Artist: Drew Sheneman, The Newark Star Ledger Date: December, 2005 Source: http://www.cagle.com/news/DomesticSpying/1.asp

47. Theme BThe Institutionalization of the Presidency “You get a seat at the table, but the table doesn’t get used.” Which of the following groups do you think this quote is referring to and why? • Vice President • White House Staff • Cabinet Secretaries • National Security Council • EOP (Executive Office of the President)

48. Theme BThe Institutionalization of the Presidency • Administration of the White House • White House Staff • Organizational Structure • Administration of the Government • Executive Bureaucracies(pg382) • Cabinet • National Security Council • EOP (Executive Office of the President)

49. Executive Institutions and Policy Influences Public Press Congress Government Account Office Congressional Budget Office Cabinet Departments and Agencies Senate Committees Armed Services House Committees Armed Services Arms Control Agency DOE International Relations Executive Departments Foreign Relations White House Office Interior Domestic Council Treasury Radio/ Television Budget Interest Group President Budget CIA FBI NSC OMB Rules Council of Econ Advisors Close Advisors Energy and National Resources Science and Technology State Justice Office of Science and Technology Policy National Security Agency Commerce Defense OSD, JCS, Army Navy, Air Force, DIA Appropriations Appropriations Governmental Affairs Governmental Operations Interested Individuals

50. White House Office • President’s closest assistants (West Wing) • Not confirmed by Senate. • Functions: Pg 343 “How Things Work” • Myth: Coordinate Flow of Info • Reality: Development of Policy • “Liaison” for President • Clinton = 500 staff w/ 35.4 million budget