Motivation and Leadership in Chinese Philosophy Perspective

1. . • Motivation and Leadership from Chinese Philosophy Perspective • Liying Bai • Associate Profesor in FuzhouUniversity，China • Visiting scholar in University of Delaware, USA • lbai@udel.edu

2. Cultural differences • Huge system, share a few points here… • She, He • Hu, Who • Creative, Conformism • Made or created? • Individual characters are influenced by group and national characters，the deepest part is ……

3. Iceberg Model of McClelland

4. Work Values Auction: • 1, Do something for the public welfare • 2, Pursuit beauty and an artistic atmosphere • 3, Seek creative development of new things • 4, Apply independent thinkingand analysis • 5, Sense of achievement • 6, Independence, acting according to their own pleasure • 7, Admired and respected by others • 8, Supervisory or management others • 9, A lot of money • 10, Stable and secure life • 11, Good and comfortable working environment • 12, The relationship with your director is equal and harmony • 13, Work together with like-minded partners • 14, Be able to choose their favorite way of life • 15, No boring work withfull of change

5. Creative & challenging work Self actualization Praise & recognition Esteem Friendly coworkers Social Safe working conditions Rest & breaks Safety Physiological Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory (I)

6. Ausubel’sMotivation Theory • cognitive drive achievement motivation • self improving internal driving force • subsidiary internal driving composition

7. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory Traditional View Dissatisfaction Satisfaction Herzberg’s View Hygiene factors Motivators Dissatisfaction No Dissatisfaction No satisfaction Satisfaction • Quality of Supervision • Pay • Company policies • Physical working conditions • Personal growth • Responsibility • Achievement

8. source: Herzberg, Frederick. One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? Harvard Business Review, Jan2003, Vol. 81 Issue 1, p87-96

9. Self-actualization Growth Motivator Esteem Relatedness Social (Belonging) Hygiene factors Safety Existence Physiological Comparison of the Three Theories of Needs Alderfer Maslow Herzberg

10. Douglas McGregor • “Behind every managerial decision or action are assumptions about human nature and human behavior.”

11. Chinese traditional assumption of human nature debate: people are born good or evil?

12. 1、People are born evil

13. Xunzi Legalism • Xunzi （313 BC-238 BC） was a Chinese Confucian philosopher who lived during the Warring States Period and contributed to one of the Hundred Schools of Thought. Xunzi believed man's inborn tendencies need to be curbed through education and ritual, counter to Mencius's view that man is innately good. He believed that ethical norms had been invented to rectify mankind.

14. 2、People are born good • Mengzi (372 BC – 289 BC) Confucianism • “The feeling of commiseration，the feeling of shame and dislike，the feeling of modesty and complaisance，the feeling of approving and disapproving are essential to man. The feeling of commiseration is the principle of benevolence. The feeling of shame and dislike is the principle of righteousness. The feeling of modesty and complaisance is the principle of propriety. The feeling of approving and disapproving is the principle of knowledge.”

15. Bauhinia flower petals

16. 3、Good, and evil • Liang Qichao(1873-1929), • Liang Qichao, "personality-centered theory." "Best of the doctrine": "best of doctrine, is to make everyone's talent intuitive ability to play very successful.

17. 4、No good, no evil • Gaozi (420-350 BC), Mohists, • 'Man's nature is like water whirling round in a corner. Open a passage for it to the east, and it will flow to the east; open a passage for it to the west, and it will flow to the west. Man's nature is indifferent to good and evil, just as the water is indifferent to the east and west.'

18. Compare

19. East- West • 1、Homo economicus, Rational-economicMan, Adam Smith，X • 2、Social Man, George Elton Mayo， Hawthorne effect， • 3、Self-realization Man, Abraham Maslow， Y • 4、Complex Man, John J. Morse, Jay William Lorsch. Beyond Theory Y • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_X_and_Theory_Y • http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_74.htm • http://hbr.org/1970/05/beyond-theory-y/ar/1

20. Confucianism • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism • Zhongyong Daxue • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Learning • http://hugols.wordpress.com/2008/10/21/what-makes-a-leader/ • Rén (仁, Humaneness) • Yì (義, Righteousness or Justice) • Lǐ (禮, Propriety or Etiquette) • Zhì (智, Knowledge) • Xìn (信, Integrity)

21. Daoism • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism • Wuwei， the best of men is like water • Naturalness – protection, hint，Suggestion，(Hongchong, and Sushi) • Dialectics • Moon，spring, sweetest time • Motivate, getting better slowly, life line

22. Example: Satisfaction with Life • In most ways my life is close to my ideal. • The conditions of my life are excellent. • I am satisfied with my life. So far I have gotten the important things I want in life. • If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing.

23. Questions • About Chinese philosophy • About Motivation and Leadership • About China …… Thank you lbai@udel.edu