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4. Culture of Abundance Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 The Eisenhower Administration Policy of Containment The Emergence of the Civil Rights Movement ] Conclusion: Post-War America Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 > Culture of Abundance Culture of Abundance • The Post-War Boom • The G.I. Bill of Rights • The Revival of Domesticity and Religion • Technological Advancement • The Growth of Suburbs Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/politics-and-culture-of-abundance-1943-1960-28/culture-of-abundance-215/

6. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 > The Eisenhower Administration The Eisenhower Administration • The Eisenhower Administration • American Indian Relocation • The 1956 Election and Eisenhower's Second Term • The Warren Court Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/politics-and-culture-of-abundance-1943-1960-28/the-eisenhower-administration-216/

7. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 > Policy of Containment Policy of Containment • Indochina: The Background to War • Interventions in Latin America and the Middle East • Tension with the USSR Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/politics-and-culture-of-abundance-1943-1960-28/policy-of-containment-217/

8. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 > The Emergence of the Civil Rights Movement The Emergence of the Civil Rights Movement • The Emergence of the Civil Rights Movement • The Brown Decision • Montgomery and Protests • Martin Luther King, Jr. • The Role of Religion in the Civil Rights Movement • Legislative Change Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/politics-and-culture-of-abundance-1943-1960-28/the-emergence-of-the-civil-rights-movement-218/

9. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 > Conclusion: Post-War America Conclusion: Post-War America • Conclusion: Post-War America Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/politics-and-culture-of-abundance-1943-1960-28/conclusion-post-war-america-1548/

10. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

11. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Key terms • "containment" policyA military strategy to stop enemy expansion. It is best known as the Cold War policy of the United States and its allies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to expand communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam. • "I Have a Dream" SpeechA 17-minute public speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered on August 28, 1963, from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, in which he called for racial equality and an end to discrimination; considered a defining moment of the Civil Rights Movement. • "Massive Resistance"A strategy declared by Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. of Virginia on February 24, 1956, to unite other white politicians and leaders in Virginia in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation after the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954. • "Separate but Equal"A legal doctrine in United States constitutional law that justified systems of segregation. Under this doctrine, services, facilities, and public accommodations were allowed to be separated by race, on the condition that the quality of each group's public facilities be equal. The phrase was derived from a Louisiana law from 1890. • 16th Street Baptist ChurchA church in Birmingham, Alabama, where on Sunday, September 15, 1963, four members of the Ku Klux Klan planted at least 15 sticks of dynamite attached to a timing device beneath the front steps. The bombing killed four young girls and injured 22 other individuals. • 17th ParallelThe provisional military demarcation line between North and South Vietnam established by the Geneva Accords of 1954. The line ran approximately along the Ben Hai River in Quang Tri Province to the village of Bo Ho Su, and from there due west to the Laos–Vietnam border. • 52–20 ClubA provision of the 1944 G.I. Bill that enabled all former servicemen to receive $20 of unemployment benefits per week for 52 weeks/year while they were looking for work. • Adlai StevensonA U.S. politician, noted for his intellectual demeanor, eloquent oratory, and promotion of liberal causes in the Democratic Party, who served as the 31st governor of Illinois and was the Democratic nominee for president in 1952 and 1956. Eisenhower defeated him both times. He sought the Democratic presidential nomination for a third time in the 1960 election but was defeated by Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts. • American Indian MovementAn American Indian advocacy group in the United States, founded in July 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was initially formed to address American Indian sovereignty, treaty issues, spirituality, and leadership, while simultaneously addressing incidents of police harassment and racism against Native Americans forced to move away from reservations and tribal culture by the 1950s-era enforcement of the U.S. federal government-enforced Indian Termination Policies originally created in the 1930s. • Apollo ProgramA U.S. human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that landed the first humans on Earth's Moon in 1969–1972. Conceived during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower, it began in earnest after President John Kennedy in a May 25, 1961 address to Congress proposed the national goal of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" by the end of the 1960s. • August RevolutionA revolution launched on August 14, 1945, by the Viet Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam) against French colonial rule in Vietnam. • baby boomAny period marked by agreatly increased fertility rate. This demographic phenomenon is usuallyset within certain geographical bounds. The phenomenon marked thepost-World War II period in the United States. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

12. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 • baby boomAny period marked by agreatly increased fertility rate. This demographic phenomenon is usuallyascribed within certain geographical bounds. In the United States, thepost-WWII period was marked by this phenomenon. • baby boomAny period marked by agreatly increased fertility rate. This demographic phenomenon is usuallyascribed within certain geographical bounds. In the United States, thepost-World War II period was marked by this phenomenon. • Bay of Pigs InvasionAn unsuccessful action by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles in 1961 to invade southern Cuba, with support and encouragement from the U.S. government, in an attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. • Black PowerA political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies aimed at achieving self-determination for people of African descent. In the United States, it was particularly prominent in the late 1960s and early 1970s, emphasizing racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests and advance black values. • Browder v. GayleA case heard before a three-judge panel of the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws. The panel consisted of Middle District of Alabama Judge Frank Minis Johnson, Northern District of Alabama Judge Seybourn Harris Lynne, and Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Richard Rives. The District Court ruled 2–1, with Lynne dissenting, on June 5, 1956, that bus segregation was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment. • Brown v. Board of EducationA landmark 1954 case of the United States Supreme Court. The ruling explicitly outlawed segregated public education facilities, ruling so on the grounds that the doctrine of "separate but equal" public education could never truly provide black Americans with facilities of the same standards available to white Americans. A total of 101 members of the House of Representatives and 19 senators signed "The Southern Manifesto" condemning the Supreme Court decision as unconstitutional. • Brown v. Board of EducationA landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court case in which the court declared state laws establishingseparate public schools for black and white students as unconstitutional. • Brown v. Board of EducationA 1954 landmark Supreme Court case, in which the court declared state laws establishingseparate public schools for black and white students were unconstitutional. • Brown v. Board of Education(1954) A landmark U.S. Supreme Court case, in which the court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. • Civil RightsMovementA term used to encompass social movements in the United States whose goals were to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans and secure legal recognition and federal protection of the citizenship rights enumerated in the Constitution and federal law. • Civil Rights Act of 1964A landmark piece of civil rights legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace, and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations"). • Civil Rights Act of 1964Landmark U.S. legislation that outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national, and religious minorities, and women. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

13. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 • Civil Rights MovementA political, legal, and social movement for equality before the law, which included noted legislation and organized efforts to abolish public and private acts of racial discrimination against African Americans and other disadvantaged groups, from 1954 to 1968, particularly in the southern United States. • Claudette Colvin(Born September 5, 1939) A pioneer of the African American civil rights movement, and the first person to resist bus segregation in Montgomery, preceding the better-known Rosa Parks incident by 9 months. • Cuban Missile CrisisA 13-day confrontation in October 1962, between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the United States on the other. It is generally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict. • domino theoryA theory prominent from the 1950s to the 1980s, which speculated that if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, the surrounding countries would follow, falling like dominos. Successive U.S. administrations used this line of thought during the Cold War to justify the need for U.S. intervention around the world. • Dwight D. EisenhowerThe 34th president of the United States (1953–1961. He was previously a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II, serving as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe. He had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–'43 and the successful invasions of France and Germany in 1944–'45, from the Western Front. • Dwight D. EisenhowerThe 34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 until 1961. He had previously been a five-star general in the U.S. Army during World War II, serving as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe. He had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–'43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–'45 from the Western Front. • Earl WarrenA U.S. jurist and politician who served as the 14th chief justice of the United States (1953–1969) and the 30th governor of California. Under his leadership, the Supreme Court reached a number of sweeping decisions, including the end of school segregation and transformation of many areas of U.S. law. • Eisenhower DoctrineA term referring to a speech by President Eisenhower on January 5, 1957, within a "Special Message to the Congress on the Situation in the Middle East." Under it, a Middle Eastern country could request U.S. economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was under threat of armed aggression from another state. • Engel v. VitaleThis 1962 Supreme Court case determined it was unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools, even when the prayer was non-denominational and students could excuse themselves from participation. • Everson v. Board of EducationThis 1947 Supreme Court case dealt with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to be used for transportation to religious-oriented schools. Though the ruling was upheld, this was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to state law, having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature. • Fifth Party SystemA term referring to the era of U.S. national politics that began with the New Deal in 1932 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This era emerged from the realignment of the voting blocs and interest groups supporting the Democratic Party into the New Deal Coalition following the Great Depression. For this reason it is also often called the New Deal Party System. It followed the Fourth Party System, usually called the Progressive Era. Experts debate whether it ended in the mid-1960s, early 1980s (when the Moral Majority took off), mid-1990s, or possibly continues to the present. • First Indochina WarWar fought between French forces and their Viet Minh opponents in French Indochina between 1946 and 1954, leading to the withdrawal of France and the entry of the United States into what would become the Vietnam War. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

14. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 • fundamentalistOne who reduces religion to strict interpretation of core or original texts. • G.I. BillA law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans. It was available to every veteran who had been on active duty during the war years for at least 90 days and had not been dishonorably discharged. Combat was not required. • Green revolutionResearch anddevelopment of technology transfer initiatives occurring between the 1930sand the late 1960s (with prequels in the work of the agrarian geneticistNazareno Strampelli in the 1920s and 1930s), which increased agricultural productionworldwide. • House concurrent resolution 108 of 1953A formal statement issued August 1, 1953 by the United States Congress announcing the official federal policy of termination. The resolution called for immediate termination of the Flathead, Klamath, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Turtle Mountain Chippewa, as well as all tribes in the states of California, New York, Florida, and Texas. Termination of a tribe meant the immediate withdrawal of all federal aid, services, and protection, as well as the end of reservations. • Hungarian State Security PoliceHungary's secret police force from 1945 to 1956, known from its Hungarian name as AVH. It was conceived of as an external appendage of the Soviet Union's secret police forces, but attained an indigenous reputation for brutality during a series of purges beginning in 1948, intensifying in 1949, and ending in 1953. • Hungarian Working People's PartyHungary's ruling communist party from 1948 to 1956. It was formed by a merger of the Hungarian Communist Party (MKP) and the Social Democratic Party. Its leaders were Mátyás Rákosi until 1956, then Ernő Gerő in the same year for three months, and eventually János Kádár until the party's dissolution. • hypersegregationA form of extreme racial segregation characterized by geographical grouping of racial groups. • Imre NagyA Hungarian communist politician (1896–1958) who was appointed chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary on two occasions. His second term ended when Soviet invasion brought down his non-Soviet-backed government in the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1956. This resulted in his execution on charges of treason 2 years later. • Indian TerminationThe U.S. policy from the mid-1940s to mid-1960s based on the presumption that American Indians would be better off if assimilated as individuals into mainstream U.S. society. To that end, Congress proposed to end the special relationship between tribes and the federal government. In practical terms, the policy terminated the U.S. government's recognition of sovereignty of tribes, trusteeship of Indian reservations, and exclusion of Indians from state laws. • Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal AssistanceAn agreement signed on 1947 in Rio de Janeiro among many countries of the Americas, whose central principle was that an attack against one was to be considered an attack against them all; known as the "hemispheric defense" doctrine. • John F. KennedyThe 35th president of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. • juntasA Spanish term for a civil deliberative or administrative council. In English, it predominantly refers to the government of an authoritarian state run by high-ranking military officers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

15. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 • LevittownThe name of seven suburban developments William Levitt created in the United States. Built in the post-war era for returning veterans and their new families, the communities offered attractive alternatives to cramped, central city locations and apartments. The developments are widely considered to be the archetype of post-war suburbia. • Little RockCapital city of Arkansas, and place of violence against African Americans following the historic Supreme Court ruling on Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which eventually led to integration of public schools. President Dwight Eisenhower ordered in federal troops to protect nine students integrating into a public school. This was the first time the federal government had sent troops to the south since the Reconstruction Era. • Little Rock NineA group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus. They would successfully attend after the intervention of President Dwight Eisenhower. • March on WashingtonOne of the largest political rallies for human rights in U.S. history, it demanded civil and economic rights for African Americans. It took place in Washington, D.C., with thousands of participants making their way there on Tuesday, August 27, 1963. • March on WashingtonA major civil rights march of 250,000 that took place on August 28, 1963, at which Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. • Martin Luther King, Jr(1929–1968) An American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement, best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world using nonviolent methods. • Montgomery Bus BoycottA legal and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the Montgomery, Alabama public transit system. It lasted from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person, until December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, leading to the Supreme Court decision declaring segregated busing in Alabama and Montgomery unconstitutional. • Montgomery Improvement AssociationAn association formed on December 5, 1955, by black ministers and community leaders in Montgomery, Alabama. Under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Edgar Daniel Nixon, it was instrumental in guiding the Montgomery bus boycott, a successful campaign that focused national attention on racial segregation in the south and catapulted King into the national spotlight. • NASAThis agency of the U.S. government is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research. • one man, one voteA phrase that has been used in many parts of the world where campaigns have arisen for universal suffrage. It was used in this form in an important legal ruling in the United States related to voting rights. Applying the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution, the Supreme Court majority opinion in Reynolds v. Sims (1964) ruled that state legislatures needed to redistrict in order to have congressional districts with roughly equal representation of populations. The court also ruled that both houses of state legislatures needed to have representation based on districts containing roughly equal populations, with redistricting as needed after censuses. • Organization of American StatesAn intercontinental organization founded on April 30, 1948, for the purposes of regional solidarity and cooperation among its member states. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., its members were the 35 independent states of the Americas. Its establishment was strongly linked with Cold War concerns about preventing the spread of communism in Latin America. • Plessy v. FergusonA landmark 1896 Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal." Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

16. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 • Radio Free EuropeA U.S. state-funded broadcasting organization that provides news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East, "where the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed." • RedliningThe practice of denying access or increasing the cost of services such as banking, insurance, denying access to jobs, access to health care, or even supermarkets to residents in particular areas. It describes the practice of marking a red line on a map to delineate the area where banks would not invest. Later the term was applied to discrimination against a particular group of people (usually by race or sex) irrespective of geography. • Rosa ParksAn African American civil rights activist (1913–2005). On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, she refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger; an action that triggered the Montgomery bus boycott. • Selma to Montgomery marchesA series of three 1965 marches that were part of the voting rights movement underway in Selma, Alabama. By highlighting racial injustice in the south, they contributed to passage that year of the Voting Rights Act, a landmark federal achievement of the Civil Rights Movement. • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)An international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or the Manila Pact. The formal institution was established on February 19, 1955. Primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia, it is generally considered a failure because internal conflict and dispute hindered general use of the military. • Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceA civil rights organization created in 1957 to harness the moral authority and organizing power of black churches to conduct non-violent protests in the pursuit of civil rights reform. It is closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and had a large role in the Civil Rights Movement. • Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)A civil rights organizationestablished in 1957 to harness the moral authority and organizing power of blackchurches to conduct non-violent protest in the pursuit of civil rights reform.It is closely associated with its first president, Martin Luther King, Jr.,and had a large role in the Civil Rights Movement. • Space RaceA 20th-century competition between the two Cold War rivals – the Soviet Union and the United States – for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. It spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. • Space RaceA 20th-century competitionbetween two Cold War rivals—the Soviet Union and the United States—for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in themissile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurredfollowing World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technologyand personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy wasseen as necessary for national security, in additions to being symbolic of ideologicalsuperiority. It spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites,unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and humanspaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. • Space RaceA 20th-century competitionbetween two Cold War rivals—the Soviet Union and the United States—for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in themissile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that followed World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technologyand personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy wasseen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideologicalsuperiority. It spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites,unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and humanspaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. • Spanish MiracleA term given to a broadly based economic boom in Spain from 1959 to 1974. The international oil and stagflation crises of the 1970s ended the boom that started following President Eisenhower's efforts to establish diplomatic relations with Franco's Spain, which ended the country's post-war isolation. • Sputnik IThe Soviet Union launched this first artificial earth satellite into an elliptical low Earth orbit on October 4, 1957. The surprise success precipitated the U.S. Sputnik crisis, began the Space Age, and triggered the Space Race, a part of the larger Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

17. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 • suburbiaResidential or mixed-use areas, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In most English-speaking regions, these areas are defined in contrast to central or inner city areas. Their fast growth was an important component of the post-WWII U.S. economic boom. • SuburbiaResidential areas ormixed-use areas, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as aseparate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In mostEnglish-speaking regions, these areas are defined in contrast tocentral or inner-city areas. Their rapid growth was an importantcomponent of the post-World War II economic boom in the United States. • The Civil Rights Act of 1957The first civil rights legislation enacted by Congress since the Reconstruction Era following the American Civil War. It was primarily a voting bill. • The Civil Rights Act of 1960A piece of legislation that expanded the authority of federal judges to protect voting rights. It required local authorities to maintain comprehensive voting records for review so that the government could determine if there were patterns of discrimination against certain populations. • The Greensboro sit-insA series of nonviolent protests in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960, which led to the Woolworth department store chain removing its policy of racial segregation in the southern United States. While not the first sit-ins of the Civil Rights Movement, they were an instrumental action, and also the most well-known sit-ins of the Civil Rights Movement. • The United States Commission on Civil RightsA bipartisan, independent commission of the U.S. federal government, created in 1957, that is charged with the responsibility for investigating, reporting on, and making recommendations concerning civil rights issues the nation faces. • The Veterans' Adjustment Act of 1952A law (signed July 16, 1952) that offered offered benefits to veterans of the Korean War who served for more than 90 days and had received an "other than dishonorable discharge." • Việt MinhA communist national independence coalition formed on May 19, 1941. It initially was formed to seek independence for Vietnam from the French Empire. When the Japanese occupation began, it opposed Japan with support from the United States and China. After World War II, it opposed France's re-occupation of Vietnam and later opposed South Vietnam and the United States in the Vietnam War. • Voting Rights Act of 1965An act that prohibited racial discrimination in voting. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, it secured voting rights for racial minorities throughout the country. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the act is considered to be the most effective piece of civil rights legislation ever enacted in the country. • Voting Rights Act of 1965Landmark U.S. legislation that outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans. • Voting Rights Act of 1965A landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibited racial discrimination in voting. It suspended poll taxes, literacy tests, and other subjective voter registration tests. It authorized federal supervision of voter registration in states and individual voting districts where such tests were being used. • Warren CourtThe term that refers to the Supreme Court of the United States between 1953 and 1969, when Earl Warren served as chief justice. Warren led a liberal majority that used judicial power in dramatic fashion, to the consternation of conservative opponents. Under Warren, the Court expanded civil rights, civil liberties, judicial power, and federal power in significant ways. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

18. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 • Warren CourtA term used to refer to the Supreme Court of the United States between 1953 and 1969, when Earl Warren served as chief justice. Warren led a liberal majority that used judicial power in dramatic fashion, to the consternation of conservative opponents. The Warren Court expanded civil rights, civil liberties, judicial power, and federal power in dramatic ways. • white flightA term that originated in the United States, starting in the mid-20th century, and applied to the large-scale migration of people of various European ancestries from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions. • ZoningLand use planning used by local governments, derived from the practice of designating permitted uses of land based on mapped zones that separate one set of land uses from another. Zoning may be use-based (regulating acceptable uses of land), or it may regulate building height, lot coverage, or similar characteristics, or some combination of them. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

19. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Penicillin was viewed as a miracle drug that brought enormous profits and shaped public expectations; photo by author unknown, probably South Carolina in the 1940s Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Penicillin_cures_gonorrhea.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biotechnology#/media/File:Penicillin_cures_gonorrhea.jpgView on Boundless.com

20. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 American family watching TV, 1958, Evert F. Baumgardner, National Archives and Records Administration Seventy-seven percent of households purchased their first television set during the 1950s. The use of television was fueled by the drop in prices resulting from mass production, increased leisure time, and additional disposable income. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."800px-Family_watching_television_1958.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television#/media/File:Family_watching_television_1958.jpgView on Boundless.com

21. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 New Mexico Reservation Indian houses and farms on the Laguna Indian reservation, Laguna, New Mexico (March 1943). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."New-mexico-rez."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:New-mexico-rez.jpgView on Boundless.com

22. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 1953 Supreme Court The Supreme Court in 1953, with Chief Justice Earl Warren seated center. Warren made the Supreme Court a power center on a more even basis with Congress and the presidency, particularly through four landmark decisions: Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), Reynolds v. Sims (1964), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Warren Court."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Warren_Court_1953.jpgView on Boundless.com

23. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Electoral College Votes 1956 In this presidential election results map, red denotes states won by Eisenhower/Nixon, and blue denotes those won by Stevenson/Kefauver. Orange is the electoral vote for Walter Burgwyn Jones by an Alabama faithless elector. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."ElectoralCollege1956."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1956.svgView on Boundless.com

24. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Chief Justice Earl Warren Warren is best known for the liberal decisions of the so-called Warren Court, which outlawed segregation in public schools and transformed many areas of U.S. law, especially regarding the rights of the accused, ending public-school-sponsored prayer, and requiring "one man, one vote" rules of apportionment of election districts. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Earl Warren."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earl_Warren.jpgView on Boundless.com

25. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Brown v. Board of Education Educational segregation in the United States prior to Brown v. Board of Education. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Brown v. Board of Education."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Educational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svgView on Boundless.com

26. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 American family watching TV in 1958, photo by Evert F. Baumgardner for National Archives and Records Administration. The 1950s witnessed the explosion of a consumer goods economy. By the end of the 1950s, 87% of all U.S. families owned at least one television, 75% owned cars, and 60% owned their homes. Images of prosperous white middle-class families in their suburban homes symbolized the popular narrative of economic stability and traditional family values. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Family_watching_television_1958.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Family_watching_television_1958.jpgView on Boundless.com

27. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Alabama police in 1965 attack voting rights marchers participating in the first of the Selma to Montgomery marches, which became known as "Bloody Sunday." With the nation paying increasing attention to Selma and voting rights, President Lyndon Johnson reversed his position and announced he would send a proposal of voting rights legislation to Congress. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Bloody_Sunday-Alabama_police_attack.jpeg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965#/media/File:Bloody_Sunday-Alabama_police_attack.jpegView on Boundless.com

28. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division escort the Little Rock Nine students into the all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957, National Archives. The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus. They then attended after the intervention of President Dwight Eisenhower. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."101st_Airborne_at_Little_Rock_Central_High.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine#/media/File:101st_Airborne_at_Little_Rock_Central_High.jpgView on Boundless.com

29. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 The bus Rosa Parks rode before being arrested The National City Lines bus, No. 2857, on which Rosa Parks was riding before she was arrested (a GM "old-look" transit bus, serial number 1132), is now a museum exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Rosa Parks Bus."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosa_Parks_Bus.jpgView on Boundless.com

30. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 March on Washington This United States Information Agency photograph of the March on Washington, August 28, 1963, shows civil rights and union leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., Joseph L. Rauh Jr., Whitney Young, Roy Wilkins, A. Philip Randolph, and Walter Reuther. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."March on washington Aug 28 1963."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March_on_washington_Aug_28_1963.jpgView on Boundless.com

31. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Civil Rights Leaders Meet with President Johnson President Lyndon Johnson meets with Civil Rights leaders Martin Luther King, Jr., Whitney Young, and James Farmer on January 18, 1964. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Lyndon Johnson meeting with civil rights leaders."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_meeting_with_civil_rights_leaders.jpgView on Boundless.com

32. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Martin Luther King, Jr. and Lyndon Johnson President Lyndon Johnson and Martin Luther King, Jr. meet at the White House, 1966. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Martin Luther King, Jr. and Lyndon Johnson."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson.jpgView on Boundless.com

33. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 The March on Washington Scenes from Civil Rights March in Washington, D.C., in August 1963. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

34. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 William Frantz Elementary School, New Orleans, 1960: U.S. marshals escorting a young black girl, Ruby Bridges, to school. Bridges was the first black child to desegregate the all-white William Frantz Elementary School in Louisiana, and was escorted both to and from the school while segregationist protests continued. Many resisted the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision. In 1960, the New Orleans school desegregation crisis ensued. As soon as Bridges entered the school, some white parents pulled their own children out. All the teachers refused to teach while a black child was enrolled. Only one person agreed to teach Ruby, Barbara Henry from Boston, who for over a year taught her alone. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."US_Marshals_with_Young_Ruby_Bridges_on_School_Steps.jpg."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Bridges#/media/File:US_Marshals_with_Young_Ruby_Bridges_on_School_Steps.jpgView on Boundless.com

35. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Martin Luther King, Jr. at the March on Washington Dr. Martin Luther King giving his "I Have a Dream" speech during the March on Washington on August 28, 1963. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Martin Luther King - March on Washington."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpgView on Boundless.com

36. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Suburbia Aerial view of Levittown, Pennsylvania, circa 1959. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."LevittownPA."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LevittownPA.jpgView on Boundless.com

37. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 G.I. Bill Education Worksheets from various areas of study cover the desk of a Joint Task Force Trooper. The Servicemen's Readjustment Act, commonly referred to as the G.I. Bill, helped service members pay for higher education and training programs since it was signed into law by President Roosevelt on June 22, 1944. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Distance education, Guantanamo."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Distance_education,_Guantanamo.jpgView on Boundless.com

38. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Reverends King and Graham A photo of popular Christian Reverend Billy Graham with Martin Luther King Jr. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Billy Graham & Martin Luther King."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billy_Graham_&_Martin_Luther_King.jpgView on Boundless.com

39. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Flag of the American Indian Movement The American Indian Movement (AIM) is an American Indian advocacy group founded in July 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. AIM was initially formed to address American Indian sovereignty, treaty issues, spirituality, and leadership, while simultaneously addressing incidents of police harassment and racism against Native Americans forced to move away from reservations and tribal culture by the 1950s-era enforcement of the U.S. federal government's Indian termination policies. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."600px-Flag_of_the_American_Indian_Movement.svg.png."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_American_Indian_Movement.svgView on Boundless.com

40. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Levittown, Pennsylvania, c. 1959. Levittown refers to seven large suburban developments created in the United States by William Levitt and his company Levitt & Sons. Built after World War II for returning veterans and their new families, the communities developed as a major prototype of mass-produced housing. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."LevittownPA.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LevittownPA.jpgView on Boundless.com

41. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Eisenhower in the Oval Office President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Oval Office, February 29, 1956, photo by unknown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Eisenhower in the Oval Office."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eisenhower_in_the_Oval_Office.jpgView on Boundless.com

42. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 The official White House portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower President Dwight Eisenhower, in his 1954 State of the Union address, became the first president to publicly state his support for prohibiting age-based denial of suffrage for those 18 and older. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Dwight D. Eisenhower, official Presidential portrait."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dwight_D._Eisenhower,_official_Presidential_portrait.jpgView on Boundless.com

43. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 A French Foreign Legion Unit Patrols in a Communist-controlled Area The original caption of this photo reads: "A French Foreign Legionnaire goes to war along the dry rib of a rice paddy, during a recent sweep through communist-held areas in the Red River Delta, between Haiphong and Hanoi. Behind the Legionnaire is a U.S. gifted tank. Ca. 1954." Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."HD-SN-99-02041."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HD-SN-99-02041.JPEGView on Boundless.com

44. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 "Dissident Activities in Indochina" The Pentagon's map of dissident activities in Indochina as of November 3, 1950. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."PentagonPapers."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PentagonPapers.jpgView on Boundless.com

45. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Begin, Carter, and Sadat at Camp David (1978), photo by Bill Fitz-Patrick. The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978. The two framework agreements were signed at the White House and witnessed by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. The second of these frameworks led directly to the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty. Owing to the agreement, Sadat and Begin received the shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. The first framework, which dealt with the Palestinian territories, was written without participation of the Palestinians and was condemned by the United Nations. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Begin, Carter and Sadat at Camp David 1978."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Begin,_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpgView on Boundless.com

46. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 A soviet armored car burns on a street in Budapest in November 1956. Photo by Házy Zsolt. The November 1956 Soviet intervention in Budapest, codenamed Operation Whirlwind, combined air strikes, artillery, and the coordinated tank-infantry action of 17 divisions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Fortepan_12830_Rákóczi_út_-_Akácfa_utca_sarok._Kiégett_szovjet_BTR-152_páncélozott_lövészszállító_jármű..jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956#/media/File:Fortepan_12830_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi_%C3%BAt_-_Ak%C3%A1cfa_utca_sarok._Ki%C3%A9gett_szovjet_BTR-152_p%C3%A1nc%C3%A9lozott_l%C3%B6v%C3%A9szsz%C3%A1ll%C3%ADt%C3%B3_j%C3%A1rm%C5%B1..jpgView on Boundless.com

47. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Nixon addressing Hungarian refugees (1956) U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon (center right, facing refugees) addresses Hungarian refugees, including author S.I. Horvath (center left, facing Nixon). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nixon hungary 1956."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nixon_hungary_1956.GIFView on Boundless.com

48. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested for boycotting public transportation, Montgomery, Alabama, February, 1956. Although Parks was not the first woman who refused to give up her seat to a white person on a public bus in Montgomery, she became the symbol of the boycott. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_for_boycotting_public_transportation_-_Original 1.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott#/media/File:Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_for_boycotting_public_transportation_-_Original.jpgView on Boundless.com

49. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 Dr. Martin Luther King (1964) King giving a lecture on March 26, 1964. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpgView on Boundless.com

50. Politics and Culture of Abundance: 1943–1960 SCLC Fundraising Poster Depicting Martin Luther King, Jr. Shortly after King's death, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference used this poster—issued in an edition of 100—for a fundraising drive. The portrait was based on a drawing by Ben Shahn, commissioned for Time magazine's March 19, 1965 cover. Time's publisher noted that Shahn, "as famed in his own medium of protest as King is in his," greatly admired the civil rights leader and felt that King had "moved more people by his oratory" than anyone else. After the artist's friend Stefan Martin made a wood engraving based on the drawing, Shahn authorized its use in support of various causes. This 1968 poster included two additions to the portrait: the orange seal or artist's "chop" that Shahn had made in Japan, incorporating the letters of the Hebrew alphabet and an excerpt from King's famous "mountaintop" speech in the artist's own distinctive lettering. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Flickr."_MG_2201 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!."CC BY 2.0http://www.flickr.com/photos/bootbearwdc/2492193554/View on Boundless.com