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Motivation Ch 9

Motivation Ch 9. PSY 1000. Motivation . Process by which activities are started, directed, and continued Meets our physical and psychological needs or wants . Types of Motivation . Extrinsic Motivation Perform and action that leads to an outcome outside of self Work for money

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Motivation Ch 9

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  1. Motivation Ch 9 PSY 1000

  2. Motivation • Process by which activities are started, directed, and continued • Meets our physical and psychological needs or wants

  3. Types of Motivation • Extrinsic Motivation • Perform and action that leads to an outcome outside of self • Work for money • Decreases creativity • Intrinsic Motivation • Perform an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying • Good grades to feel proud • Physical challenges • Becomes ours

  4. Approaches to Motivation • Instinct • Biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior • William McDougall proposed 18 instincts for humans • Flight, running away • Aggressiveness • Gathering possessions • Frued Psychoanalytical Theory • Concepts of instincts reside in the id, basic human needs and drives • This theory has faded since it is able to describe the behavior but not explain it

  5. Approaches to Motivation • Drive Reduction • Behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drive to satisfy need and reduce tension • Primary Drive • Survival needs of the body such as hunger, thirst • Body is in a state of imbalance • Acquired (secondary) Drive • Learned through experience or conditioning • Money • Social approval • Homeostasis • Body maintains a steady state • Does not explain all human behavior

  6. Approaches to Motivation • Arousal • The need for stimulation • Curiosity, playing, exploration • People have an optimal level of tension • Some tasks may have a high level of arousal • Anxiety over a test • Nervous over a first date • Maintaining an optimal level may require increasing or decreasing tension • Sensation Seekers • Need more complex and varied sensory experiences than do others

  7. Approaches to Motivation • Incentive • Things that attract or lure people into action • External stimulus and its rewarding properties • No need • No tension • Expectancy-value Theories • Actions of humans cannot be fully understood without understanding the persons beliefs and values

  8. Approaches to Motivation • Humanistic • Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs • Several level of needs to fulfill before a person achieves the highest level of personality fulfillment • Self-actualization the highest level • Person is fully satisfied with all the lower levels in their lives • Seldom reached

  9. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs • Many management programs are based on this model • Issues • No concrete research or study • Based on Maslow’s observations • Studies of Americans • Cross cultural needs /order of needs may differ

  10. Self Determination Theory • Self-Determination theory • Three inborn and universal needs • Help a person gain a complete sense of self and healthy relationships with others • Autonomy • Need to be in control of one’s own behavior and goals • Competence • Need to be able to master the challenging tasks of one’s life • Relatedness • Need to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others

  11. Emotions • Feeling aspect of consciousness

  12. Physiology of Emotions • When experiencing an emotion • Arousal is created by the sympathetic nervous system • Many emotions have the same physiological response • Heart rate increases • Body temp changes

  13. Behavior of Emotions • Facial expressions • Body movements • Actions • Most are culturally universal • Display rules • When the emotion is displayed

  14. Subjective Experience: Labeling Emotions • Interpreting the feelings by giving it a label • Anger, sad, happy • Learned response influenced by their language and culture • Goal of psychologists engaged in cross cultural research is to understand the meaning of a persons mental and emotional state without interpreting them incorrectly

  15. Theories of Emotion • Original thought of emotions were • Feeling emotion • Behavior that responded to emotion • Event leads to • Arousal leads to • Interpretation or • Emotion or • Reasoning or • Cognitive labels

  16. James-Lange Theory • Event Arousal Interpretation Emotion • We will read what our body says and then label the emotion

  17. Cannon-Bard Theory • Event Arousal Emotion • Body responds and we label emotion at the same time

  18. Schachter-Singer and cognitive Arousal • Event Arousal Cognitive Labels Emotion • Physical arousal and the labeling must occur before the emotion is experienced

  19. Facial Feedback Hypothesis • Event Arousal/change of facial expression Emotion • What our facial expression is will go to the brain and the emotion will intensify • Emotion being expressed can cause the emotion • HAPPY

  20. Lazarus and the Cognitive-Mediational Theory • Event Interpretation Emotion Arousal • Event causes us to interpret what is going on then we label the emotion and our body responds

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