Limerick Flying Club

1. Limerick Flying Club PPL Air Law 2

2. Question 1 On aerodromes aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome shall give way to: • aircraft taking off or about to take off • all vehicles moving on the apron except the "follow me" vehicle • other converging aircraft • other vehicles and pedestrians

3. Question 2 Aircraft "A" with an ATC clearance is flying in VMC conditions within a control area. Aircraft "B" with no ATC clearance is approaching at approximately the same altitude and on a converging course. Which has the right of way? • Aircraft "B" regardless of the direction "A" is approaching • Aircraft "A" regardless of the direction which "B" is approaching • Aircraft "A" if "B" is on its right • Aircraft "B" if "A" is on its left

4. Question 3 The minimum age for obtaining a PPL is: • 18 years • 21 years • 16 years • 17 years

5. Question 4 An aircraft is considered to overtake another if it approaches the other aircraft from the rear on a line forming an angle of less than: • 50 degrees with the plane of symmetry of the latter • 80 degrees with the plane of symmetry of the latter • 70 degrees with the plane of symmetry of the latter • 60 degrees with the plane of symmetry of the latter

6. 12. Lights (1) In accordance with Part VI of this Schedule, aircraft shall display the following lights: (a) Aircraft in flight or operating in the movement area by night Except as provided for in paragraph (4) of this Rule, all aircraft in flight by night within the State or operating in the movement area of an aerodrome by night shall display: (1) anti-collision lights intended to attract attention to the aircraft, and (2) navigation lights intended to indicate the relative path of the aircraft to an observer and other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken for these lights. (b) Aircraft in flight or operating in the movement area on an aerodrome by day Aircraft in flight or operating in the movement area by day shall display anti-collision lights, if fitted; (c) Aircraft when stationary on the Apron with power unit(s) running Aircraft when stationary on the apron if a power-unit is operating, shall display a red anti-collision light, if fitted; S.I. No. 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 31

7. PART VI RULES FOR LIGHTS 46. Navigation Lights to be Displayed by Aeroplanes and Helicopters (1) For the purposes of this Rule: (a) the longitudinal axis of an aeroplane or helicopter means a selected axis parallel to the direction of flight at a normal cruising speed and passing through the centre of gravity of the aeroplane or helicopter; (b) the horizontal plane of an aeroplane or helicopter means the plane containing the longitudinal axis and perpendicular to the plane of symmetry of the aeroplane or helicopter. (2) The following lights shall be displayed by aeroplanes and helicopters in accordance with Rule 12: (a) all aeroplanes and helicopters (i) an unobstructed red light projected above and below the horizontal plane through an angle from dead ahead to 110 degrees left (port), • an unobstructed green light projected above and below the horizontal plane through an angle from dead ahead to 110 degrees right (starboard), • an unobstructed white light projected above and below the horizontal plane rearward through an angle of 140 degrees equally distributed on the left (port) and right (starboard) sides; (b) Anti-collision lights as specified in paragraph (3) of this Rule shall be displayed by such aeroplanes and helicopters as may be prescribed. (3) The lights specified in paragraph (2)(a) of this Rule may be displayed either as steady lights or as flashing lights: provided that these lights shall be displayed as steady lights when an anti-collision light, being a flashing light or system of flashing lights fitted to the exterior of the aircraft and having such characteristics and in such a position or positions as the Authority may approve, is also displayed. (4) Wing tip clearance lights comprising steady lights of the colours specified for the navigation lights in subparagraph (a)(i) and (ii) of paragraph (2) of this Rule may be displayed if there are no navigation lights within 1.80 metres of the wing tips. (5) The lights specified in subparagraph (a)(i), (ii) and (iii) of paragraph (2) of this Rule shall be of such intensity as may be prescribed from time to time. S.I. No. 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 31

8. Lights – (cont’d)

9. 13. Simulated Instrument Flight (1) An aircraft shall not be flown under simulated instrument flight conditions unless: (a) fully functioning dual controls are installed in the aircraft, and (b) a pilot holding an appropriate licence occupies a control seat to act as safety pilot for the person who is flying in simulated instrument flight. (2) The safety pilot shall have adequate vision forward and to each side of the aircraft, or a competent observer in communication with the safety pilot shall occupy a position in the aircraft from which the observer's field of vision adequately supplements that of the safety pilot. (3) Within the State an aircraft shall not carry out an instrument approach procedure when flying in Visual Meteorological Conditions unless: (a) the flight has been notified to the appropriate air traffic control unit; and (b) if the flight is being carried out as a simulated instrument flight, the provisions of subparagraph (a) and (b) of paragraph (1) of this Rule are complied with or, if the flight is not being carried out as a simulated instrument flight, a competent observer is carried in such a position in the aircraft that the observer has an adequate field of vision and can readily communicate with the pilot-in-command thereof. (4) In this Rule the expression “simulated instrument flight” means a flight during which any device is used in order to reduce the field of vision or the range of visibility from the cockpit of the aircraft. S.I. No. 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 31

10. 15. Operation on and in the vicinity of an Aerodrome (1) An aircraft operated on or in the vicinity of an aerodrome shall, whether or not within an aerodrome traffic zone: (a) observe other aerodrome traffic for the purpose of avoiding collision; (b) conform with or, as may be appropriate, avoid the pattern of traffic formed by other aircraft in operation; (c) make all turns to the left, when approaching for a landing and after taking-off unless otherwise authorised by the appropriate ATS authority or air traffic control unit; (d) land and take-off into the wind, insofar as is practicable and consistent with consideration of safety or runway configuration or in accordance with instructions from, or signals displayed by the appropriate air traffic control unit; (e) comply with any additional rules which may be prescribed or in the case of a state other than the State, specified by the appropriate ATS authority, as applicable in aerodrome traffic zones. S.I. No. 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 36

11. 15. Operation on and in the vicinity of an Aerodrome – (cont’d) (2) When an aerodrome control tower is in operation at an aerodrome, an aircraft forming part of the aerodrome traffic shall: (a) maintain a continuous listening watch on the appropriate radio frequency of the aerodrome control tower unless the aerodrome is under the approach control service furnished by another air traffic control unit, or, if such watch is not possible, keep a watch for such instructions as may be issued by visual signals; and (b) obtain, either by radio or by visual signals, prior authorisation for any manoeuvre preparatory to or associated with taxiing, landing or taking-off. S.I. No. 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 37

12. 23. Flight Plans (1) Submission of Flight Plan Information relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight, to be provided to an air traffic services reporting office before departure or to any other appropriate air traffic services unit during flight, shall be in the form of a flight plan. (2) Requirement to submit a Flight Plan A flight plan shall be submitted prior to operating: (a) any flight or portion thereof to be provided with air traffic control service; (b) any IFR flight within advisory airspace; (c) any flight within or into designated areas, or along designated routes, when so required by the appropriate ATS authority to facilitate the provision of flight information, alerting and search and rescue services; (d) any flight within or into designated areas, or along designated routes, when so required by the appropriate ATS authority to facilitate co-ordination with appropriate military units or with air traffic services units in adjacent states in order to avoid the possible need for interception for the purpose of identification; • any flight across international borders. S.I. No. 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 32

13. 23. Flight Plans – (cont’d) (3) A flight plan shall also be submitted within the State, for any flight of which at least a total of 30 nautical miles is over water. (4) Except in the case of a filed repetitive flight plan or unless otherwise prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority, a flight plan shall be submitted at least sixty minutes before departure or such lesser time as may be agreed with the appropriate ATS authority or, if submitted during flight, at a time which will ensure its receipt by the appropriate air traffic services unit at least ten minutes before the aircraft is estimated to reach: (i) the intended point of entry into controlled airspace or advisory airspace as the case may be; or (ii) the point of crossing an airway or advisory route. S.I. No. 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 32

14. 23. Flight Plans – (cont’d) (5) Contents of a Flight Plan A flight plan shall comprise information on such of the items listed hereafter as are considered relevant by the appropriate air traffic services authority: • Aircraft identification, • Flight rules and type of flight, • Number and type(s) of aircraft and wake turbulence category, • Equipment, • Aerodrome (or heliport) of departure, • Estimated off blocks time (or if flight plan is submitted during flight, the time over the first point of the route to which the flight plan relates), • Estimated times at flight information region boundaries, • Cruising speed(s), • Cruising level(s), • Route to be followed, • Destination aerodrome (or heliport) and estimated total elapsed time of flight, • Alternate aerodrome(s) [or heliport(s)], • Fuel endurance, • Total number of persons on board, • Emergency and survival equipment, • Other information, • Where it is intended to close the flight plan if same is at a point other than the aerodrome (or heliport) of destination. S.I. No. 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 32

15. 23. Flight Plans – (cont’d)

16. 23. Flight Plans – (cont’d) (7)Changes to a Flight Plan (a) Subject to Rule 28(2), all changes to a flight plan submitted for an IFR flight or a controlled VFR flight and significant changes to a flight plan submitted for an uncontrolled VFR flight shall be reported as soon as practicable to the appropriate air traffic services unit; • Information submitted prior to the time of departure concerning fuel endurance or the total number of persons on boardwhich is incorrect at the actual time of departure constitutes a significant change in the flight plan and shall be so reported. S.I. No. 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 35

17. 23. Flight Plans – (cont’d) (8) Closing a Flight Plan (a) Within the State, whenever a flight plan has been submitted in respect of all or portion of a flight, it shall be closed either on termination of the flight or on completion of that portion of the flight for which the flight plan was submitted, such closure being effected by one of the methods outlined in paragraphs (9) to (12) of this Rule; • Outside the State flight plans shall be closed in accordance with the requirements of the appropriate ATS authority. S.I. No. 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 35

18. 23. Flight Plans – (cont’d) (9) An arrival report in accordance with paragraph (13) of this Rule shall be made, either in person, by radio or telephone or via data link at the earliest possible moment after landing to the appropriate air traffic services unit at the aerodrome of arrival in respect of any flight for which a flight plan has been submitted covering the entire flight or the remaining portion of a flight to destination. (10) When communication facilities at the aerodrome of arrival are known to be inadequateand alternative arrangements for the handling of arrival reports on the ground are not available, the following action shall be taken: (a) Immediately prior to landing the aircraft shall, if practicable, transmit by radio or via data link to an appropriate air traffic services unit a flight plan closure message in accordance with paragraph (14) of this Rule; (b) Normally this transmission shall be made to the aeronautical station serving the air traffic services unit in charge of the flight information region in which the aircraft is flying, and an acknowledgement shall be received. (11) When a flight plan has been submitted only in respect of a portion of a flight other than the remaining portion of a flight to destination, it shall be closed by transmission of a flight plan closure message by radio or via data link to the appropriate air traffic services unit. (12) If it is not practicable to close the flight plan by the methods detailed as appropriate to paragraphs (10) or (11) of this Rule, or when no air traffic services unit exists at the aerodrome of arrival, the arrival report shall be made by telephone or other appropriate means of communication to the nearest air traffic services unit as soon as practicable after landing. S.I. No. 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 35

19. 25. Time Co-ordinated Universal Time (UTC) shall be used and shall be expressed in hours and minutes of the 24-hour day beginning at midnight. A time check shall be obtained prior to operating a controlled flight and at such other time during the flight as may be necessary. Whenever time is utilised in the application of data-link communications, it shall be accurate to within one second of UTC. Note: Time checks, given to the nearest half minute, are normally available from air traffic services units. S.I. No. 72 of 2004

20. Classification of Airspaces Class A: IFRflights only are permitted, all flights are subject to air traffic control service and are separated from each other. Class B: (Not Applicable in Ireland) IFRand VFR flights are permitted, all flights are subject to air traffic control service and are separated from each other. Class C: IFRand VFR flights are permitted, all flights are subject to air traffic control service and IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and from VFR flights. VFR flights are separated from IFR flights and receive traffic information in respect of other VFR flights. Class D: (Not Applicable in Ireland) IFRand VFR flights are permitted and all flights are subject to air traffic control service. IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and receive traffic information in respect of VFR flights. VFR flights receive traffic information in respect of all other flights. Class E: (Not Applicable in Ireland) IFRand VFR flights are permitted, IFR flights are subject to air traffic control service and are separated from other IFR flights. All flights receive traffic information as far as is practical. Class F: (Not Applicable in Ireland) IFRand VFR flights are permitted, all participating IFR flights receive an air traffic advisory service and all flights receive flight information service if requested. Class G: IFRand VFR flights are permitted and receive flight information service if requested. SI 72 of 2004, Rule 26 & AIPENR 1.4 Irish Aviation Law, Page 25

21. Air Traffic Services Air Traffic Services (ATS) consist of: • Air Traffic Control Service (ATC): • Aerodrome Control Service • Approach Control Service • Area Control Service • Flight Information Service(FIS) - a service provided by the appropriate ATS authority for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights • Alerting Service (ALRS) - a service provided by the appropriate ATS authority to notify appropriate organisations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid and to assist such organisations as required • Air Traffic Services Reporting Office (ARO) - a unit provided by the appropriate authority either as a separate unit or combined with another unit, for the purpose of receiving reports concerning air traffic services and flight plans submitted before departure SI 72 of 2004, Rule 1 & AIP GEN 3.3-1 Irish Aviation Law, Page 46

22. Air Traffic Control Service • Air Traffic Control Service - a service provided for the purpose of: (a) preventing collisions between aircraft, and on the manoeuvring area, between aircraft and obstructions, and (b) expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic. • Aerodrome Control Service (TWR) - air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic • Approach Control Service (APP) - air traffic control service for arriving or departing controlled flights • Area Control Service - air traffic control service for controlled flights in control areas SI 72 of 2004, Rule 1

23. 27. Air Traffic Control Clearance (1) Clearances issued by air traffic control units shall provide separation: (a) between all flights in Class A and B airspaces; (b) between IFR flights in Class C, D and E airspaces; (c) between IFR flights and VFR flights in Class C airspace; (d) between IFR flights and special VFRflights; (e) between special VFRflights; (4) If an air traffic control clearance is not satisfactory to the pilot-in-command of an aircraft, he may request the appropriate air traffic control unit to amend the clearance and if practicable, to issue him with such amended clearance. (5) Whenever an aircraft has requested a clearance involving priority, a report explaining the necessity for such priority shall be submitted if requested by the appropriate air traffic control unit. (6) An aircraft operated on a controlled aerodrome shall not taxi on the manoeuvring area without clearance from the aerodrome control tower and shall comply with any instructions given by that unit. SI 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 23

24. 28. Adherence to and Changes to Flight Plan (4) Weather deterioration below VMC When it becomes evident to the pilot-in-command of an aircraft being operated as a controlled VFRflight that flight in VMC in accordance with the current flight plan will not be practicable, he shall: (a) request an amended clearance to enable the aircraft to continue in VMC to destination or to an alternate aerodrome, or leave the controlled airspace concerned; or (b) if no clearance in accordance with subparagraph (a) of this paragraph can be obtained, continue to operate in VMCand notify the appropriate air traffic control unit of the action being taken either to leave the controlled airspace concerned or to land at the nearest suitable aerodrome; or (c) if operating in a control zone, request authorisation to operate as a special VFRflight; or (d) if appropriately qualified and the aircraft is appropriately equipped to comply with the Instrument Flight Rules, request clearance to operate in accordance with those rules. SI 72 of 2004

25. 30. Communications (1) An aircraft flown as a controlled flight shall maintain a continuous air-ground voice communication watch on the appropriate communication channel and establish two-way communication, as necessary, with the appropriate air traffic control unit, except in a case where the appropriate ATS authority has prescribed otherwise in respect of aircraft forming part of aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome. SI 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 44

26. 31. Communications Failure (1) Air/Ground (a) If an aircraft fails to establish contact with an aeronautical station on the radio frequency designated by the appropriate authority, it shall attempt to establish contact on another frequency appropriate to the route being flown; (b) If the said attempt fails, the aircraft shall attempt to establish communication with other aircraft or other aeronautical stations (including where applicable, ocean station vessels) and if operating within a radio communications network shall monitor the appropriate VHF frequency for calls from nearby aircraft; (c) If the attempts set out in subparagraphs (a) and (b) fail, the aircraft shall transmit its message twice on the radio frequencies designated by the appropriate authority preceded by the phrase “Transmitting blind” and including the addressees for whom the message is intended; (d) If the aircraft is operating within a radio communications network, a message preceded by the phrase “Transmitting blind” shall be transmitted twice on both the primary and secondary radio frequencies appropriate to the radio network, and before changing from one frequency to another the frequency to which the change is made shall be announced. To indicate that it is experiencing a radio failure, an aircraft equipped with a secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder shall operate the equipment on Mode A, Code 7600. SI 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 44

27. 31. Communications Failure – (cont’d) (2) Receiver failure (a) When an aircraft is unable to establish radio communication by reason of the failure of a radio receiver in the aircraft, it shall transmit reports at the times and positions on the frequency in use, as scheduled by the appropriate authority, preceded by the phrase “Transmitting blind due to receiver failure”, and shall then transmit the intended message followed by a complete repetition of the transmission and including a reference to the time of its next intended transmission; • An aircraft which is being provided with air traffic control service or air traffic advisory service shall, in addition to complying with the provision of paragraph (1) of this Rule, transmit information conveying the intentions of the pilot-in-command concerning the continuation of the flight of the aircraft. (3) (a) If a radio communications failure precludes compliance with Rule 30, the aircraft shall, in addition to complying with such provisions of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this Rule as may be feasible and appropriate, comply with such of the other provisions of this paragraph as may be feasible and appropriate, and if forming part of the aerodrome traffic at a controlled aerodrome, shall keep a watch for the observation of such instructions as may be issued by the aerodrome control tower by means of visual signals; (b) If an aircraft is flying in Visual Meteorological Conditions, it shall continue to fly in Visual Meteorological Conditions to, and land at the nearest suitable aerodrome, and report its arrival to the appropriate air traffic control unit by the quickest means available. SI 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 45

28. Airspaces Rules

29. 34. General Rules for VFR Flights

30. 34. General Rules for VFR Flights – SVFR (3) When within a control zone, an aircraft may be operated as and in meteorological conditions appropriate to a special VFRflight provided that the flight may be conducted in accordance with Rule 3 of these Rules. (Minimum Heights) (4) In this Rule, a special VFR flight means a controlled flight authorised by the appropriate air traffic control unit to operate within a control zone: (a) by day, in meteorological conditions which are lower than the Visual Meteorological Conditions but with a flight visibility not less than 1500m and clear of clouds and in sight of the surface; (b) by night, in Visual Meteorological Conditions and in sight of the surface. (5) At an aerodrome within a control zone, special VFR flights shall not be authorised to land,, take off, depart, cross the control zone or operate locally therein if the ground visibility within the control zone is less than 1500m and/or the reported cloud ceiling is less than 500 feet (6) Except when a special VFR clearance is obtained from an air traffic control unit, VFR flights shall not take-off or land at an aerodrome within a control zone or enter the aerodrome traffic zone or traffic pattern: (a) when the ceiling is less than 450 metres (1,500 ft); or (b) when the ground visibility is less than 5 km. SI 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 23

31. 34. General Rules for VFR Flights – Night (8) (i) VFR flights at night operated in a control zone shall be operated as special VFRflights subject to a clearance from the air traffic control unit responsible for that zone and elsewhere in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the Authority or, in any other state, the appropriate ATS authority; (ii) Special VFRflights at night authorised in a control zone may only operate to or from aerodromes or heliports suitably equipped for night operations; (iii) Flights by night outside a control zone shall be operated as IFR flights in accordance with Part IV of the Rules in this Order unless otherwise prescribed or authorised by the Authority. SI 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 23

32. Night “Night” the hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, or such other period between sunset and sunrise as may be specified by the appropriate authority. In or over the State, “night” shall be deemed to be, during the period beginning on the 1st day of April, and ending on the 30th day of September, the time between half an hour after sunset and half an hour before sunrise, and during the remainder of the year, the time between sunset and sunrise, and for the purpose of this definition sunset shall be determined at surface level; SI 72 of 2004, Rule 1 Irish Aviation Law, Page 31

33. 34. General Rules for VFR Flights – Restrictions (9) Unless authorised by the appropriate ATS authority, VFR flights shall not be operated: (a) above FL200; • at transonic and supersonic speeds. (10) VFR flights which are operated within Classes B, C, and D airspace or as special VFRflights shall comply with the provisions of Rules 27 to 31. (Clearances & Communications) (11) A VFR flight operating within or into areas, or along routes, designated by the appropriate ATS authority in accordance with Rule 23 paragraph (2)(c) or (d), shall maintain continuous listening watch on the appropriate radio frequency of, and report its position as necessary to, the air traffic services unit providing flight information service. (Flight Plans required) SI 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 23

34. Airspaces Types • Flight Information Region (FIR) - an airspace of defined dimensions designated by the appropriate ATS authority within which flight information service and alerting service are provided • Controlled Airspace - an airspace of defined dimensions designated by the appropriate ATS authority within which air traffic control service is provided. Controlled airspace is a generic term which covers ATS airspace of Classes A, B, C, D and E. • Control Area (CTA) - a controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth specified by the appropriate ATS authority • Control Zone (CTR) - a controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth to an upper limit specified by the appropriate ATS authority SI 72 of 2004, Rule 1

35. 43. Visual signals used to warn an unauthorised aircraft flying in, or about to enter a Restricted, Prohibited or Danger Area (1) By day and by night, a series of projectiles discharged at intervals of 10 seconds, each showing, on bursting, red and green lights or stars will indicate to an unauthorised aircraft that it is flying in or about to enter a restricted, prohibited or danger area, and that the aircraft is to take such remedial action as may be necessary. (2) These signals may be emitted from the ground or from another aircraft. SI 72 of 2004

36. 44. Signals for the Control of Aerodrome Traffic (1) The light signals specified in paragraph (4) of this Rule shall be used, as appropriate, within the State at any aerodrome having an aerodrome control tower. (2) When ground signals are displayed for the control of aerodrome traffic they shall be in accordance with the signals provided for in paragraph (5) of this Rule. (3) The Authority may require the owner, manager or the person responsible for the operation of any licensed aerodrome within the State to display any or all of the ground signals provided for in paragraph (5) of this Rule, and such signals shall be displayed at such aerodrome to the extent so required. SI 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 38 & 39

37. 44. Signals for the Control of Aerodrome Traffic – (cont’d)

38. 44. Signals for the Control of Aerodrome Traffic – (cont’d) Light Signals (4) (a) The signals specified in the following Table, when made by an aerodrome control tower to aircraft in flight or on the ground, hall have the meanings respectively assigned to them and shall be interpreted as follows: SI 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 38

39. 44. Signals for the Control of Aerodrome Traffic – (cont’d)

40. 44. Signals for the Control of Aerodrome Traffic – (cont’d) (b) Acknowledgement by an aircraft (i) when in flight: (A) during hours of daylight - by rocking the wings of the aircraft, (B) during hours of darkness - by flashing on and off twice the landing lights of the aircraft or, if not so equipped, by switching on and off twice the navigation lights; (ii) when on the ground: (A) during hours of daylight - by moving the ailerons or rudder of the aircraft, (B) During hours of darkness - by flashing on and off twice the landing lights of the aircraft or, if not so equipped, by switching on and off twice the navigation lights. SI 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 38

41. 42. Distress, Urgency and Safety Signals None of the provisions of this Rule shall prevent the use by an aircraft in distress of any means at its disposal to attract attention, make known its position and obtain help: (1) Distress Signals. The following signals, used either together or separately shall be used to indicate that grave and imminent danger threatens, and immediate assistance is requested: (a) a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signalling method consisting of the group SOS (... - - - ... in the Morse Code); (b) a signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken word “MAYDAY”; (c) A distress message sent via data link which transmits the intent of the word “MAYDAY”; (d) rockets or shells throwing red lights, fired one at a time at short intervals; (e) a parachute flare showing a red light. SI 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 54

42. 42. Distress, Urgency and Safety Signals – (cont’d) (2) Urgency Signals (a) The following signals, used either together or separately, shall be used to indicate that an aircraft wishes to give notice of difficulties which compel it to land without requiring immediate assistance: (i) the repeated switching on and off of the landing lights, or (ii) the repeated switching on and off of the navigation lights in such a manner as to be distinct from flashing navigation lights; (b) The following signals used, either together or separately, shall be used to indicate that an aircraft has a very urgent message to transmit concerning the safety of a ship, aircraft or other vehicle, or of some person on board or within sight: (i) a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signalling method consisting of the group XXX, (ii) a radiotelephony urgency signal consisting of the spoken words PAN, PAN, (iii) an urgency message sent via data link which transmits the intent of the words “PAN, PAN”; (c) An aircraft equipped with an appropriate data link capability and/or an SSR transponder may indicate that it is in a state of emergency by operating the equipment as follows: (i) on SSRtransponder Mode A, Code 7700, or (ii) actuate the appropriate emergency ADS capability, or (iii) transmit the appropriate emergency message via CPDLC. SI 72 of 2004 Irish Aviation Law, Page 55