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The Water Cycle… from clouds to sea.. from sea to clouds…

The Water Cycle… from clouds to sea.. from sea to clouds…. Active processes Precipitation events: rain, fog, mist, snow Infiltration and ground and surface water flow events eventual discharge into creeks and rivers root adsorption

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The Water Cycle… from clouds to sea.. from sea to clouds…

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  1. The Water Cycle… from clouds to sea.. from sea to clouds…

  2. Active processes Precipitation events: rain, fog, mist, snow Infiltration and ground and surface water flow events eventual discharge into creeks and rivers root adsorption Water enters back into the atmosphere in the form of water vapor Vapors condense, form clouds, and result in another precipitation event The hydrologic cycle: Water cycle as an active model Animation from: http://www.nps.gov/olym/hand/process/wcycle.gif

  3. The Water Cycle on the Coast…. from sea to land …….. is a microcosm of the global cycle http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele_fog_fig2e.png

  4. The Water Cycle Globally

  5. Outline: 1. Reservoirs 2. Movement among reservoirs 3. Storage and “Residence time” in a reservoir 4. Water and climate change 5. Environmental frameworks for thinking about water

  6. Outline: 1. Reservoirs 2. Movement among reservoirs 3. Storage and “Residence time” in a reservoir 4. Water and climate change 5. Environmental frameworks for thinking about water

  7. A Simple overview of the hydrologic cycle

  8. Ocean Storage What percent of Earth’s water is stored in the oceans?

  9. Does the volume of the world’s oceans ever change? 20,000 years ago: LOWER Sea level ~400 ft lower ) than today 120,000 years ago: HIGHER Sea level 18 ft higher than today 3M years B.P.: HIGHER Sea level 165 ft higher

  10. ICE AND SNOW:glaciers, ice fields, and snowfields • Glacial ice covers 11% of all land • Represents a large % of all freshwater • Mountain snowfields are “reservoirs” for many water-supply systems • 75% in Western States How much of all freshwater?

  11. How much ground water? • Ground water occurs only close to the surface

  12. Surface Water:Lakes & Swamps & Rivers • Lakes swamps account for less than 0.3% of all fresswater: - 20% is in the Great Lakes - 20% is in Lake Baikal in Siberia

  13. Storage in the atmosphere: • 0.001% • Water vapor • Clouds, condensed water vapor http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/andrew/scs/cs/15-463/f07/proj2/www/aaiordac/images/clouds.jpg

  14. Distribution of Earth’s Water

  15. Outline: 1. Reservoirs 2. Movement among reservoirs 3. Storage in a reservoir 4. Water and climate change 5. Environmental frameworks for thinking about water

  16. http://www.in.gov/idem/water/kids/waterpix/watercycleimage2.gifhttp://www.in.gov/idem/water/kids/waterpix/watercycleimage2.gif The hydrologic cycle: Active model

  17. Processes moving water through the cycle… key Atmosphere Transport What percent of the water in the atmosphere comes from evaporation? • Evaporation 90% • Transpiration 10%

  18. Subsurface Water movement

  19. Outline: 1. Reservoirs 2. Movement among reservoirs 3. Storage in a reservoir 4. Water and climate change 5. Environmental frameworks for thinking about water

  20. Mass Balance: Storage, a consequence of movements Generally: Inflow (I) – Outflow (O) = Net balance Globally, we turn this around:: Outflow (O) – Inflow (I) = Net balance Evaporation (E) - Precipitation (P) E – P = Net Balance (Also called the continuity equation, conservation of mass.)

  21. GLOBAL NET WATER BALANCE Tropics: Convergence Subtropics: Divergence High Latitude: Convergence Evaporation Precipitation mm/day Evap-Precip Latitude

  22. Mass Balance: Storage, a consequence of movements When thinking on a local scale of land use: Inflow (I) – Outflow (O) = ± Change in storage (S) I - O = ± ∆S (Also called the continuity equation, conservation of mass.)

  23. Lake Mead: May, 2000 26 Source: NASA Earth Observatory

  24. Lake Mead: May, 2003 27 Source: NASA Earth Observatory

  25. Outline: 1. Reservoirs 2. Movement among reservoirs 3. Storage in a reservoir 4. Limitations: Water and climate change 5. Framework for thinking about water

  26. Climate Change: Increases Water Vapor in the atmosphere Atmosphere can hold more water 29 Source: Chow et al., 1988

  27. Climate Change: water balance • Evaporation (E) • generally increases across the Earth • Precipitation (P) • more locations specific, increases and decreases • Runoff/recharge (P-E) Evaporation Runoff CRB Model predictions of change in runoff for double CO2 concentrations. Precipitation Source: Held and Soden, 2006

  28. Climate Change – Runoff • Precipitation trends controlled by wind circulation • Trends intensify due to climate change: • dry areas become drier • wet areas become wetter Source: Maidment CE 394K.2 class notes, 2008

  29. Climate Change: Modeled runoff Source: Milly et al., 2008 Annual average of change in runoff compared to the global modeling average.

  30. Climate Change: Water Vapor • The atmosphere can “hold more water vapor” at higher temperatures • This produces more clouds, which can act to both warming • Therefore, increased water vapor in the atmosphere will further act to increase surface temperature and evaporation • This will further increase atmospheric water vapor concentrations • BUT, same amount of water, redistributed in reservoirs

  31. Outline: 1. Reservoirs 2. Movement among reservoirs 3. Storage in a reservoir 4. Water and climate change 5. Environmental framework for thinking about water

  32. A framework for thinking about water issues quantity quality direct human health environment

  33. The example of Grazing

  34. A breakdown of water use inthe US,consumptive +returned Public supply, 11% Domestic, >1% Agriculture, 36% Industrial, 5% Mining, >1% Thermoelectric, 48% from USGS, 2000

  35. US water withdrawals and consumptive use, 1960-95

  36. Consumptive use vs. renewable water supply 1995 USGS

  37. Irrigation in the US Total withdrawals, 2000 USGS

  38. Water use in Illinois 1950-1998, excluding power generation Illinois State Water Survey

  39. Regional changes in storage The Ogallala, the largest freshwater aquifer in the world. Saturated thickness 1980-1997  1996-7

  40. Teleconnections in the hydrologic cycle 4 2 0 Forests Jan Jul Dec Grasslands 8 Croplands 4 0 Jan Jul Dec Regional to global effects on precipitation: model results from deforesting Amazonia before after Precip, mm/yr before after Precip, mm/yr Avissar and Werth (2004), Journal of Hydrometeorology

  41. Hydrological Cycle http://watercycle.gsfc.nasa.gov/

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