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WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY RICE FARMING IN THAILAND

WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY RICE FARMING IN THAILAND. Charin Tongkasame Environmental Expert/Engineer PAL Consultants Co., Ltd. (PALCON) INWEPF 4 th Steering Meeting and Symposium July 5, 2007. OBJECTIVES OF PAPER. TO PRESENT :

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WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY RICE FARMING IN THAILAND

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  1. WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY RICE FARMING IN THAILAND Charin Tongkasame Environmental Expert/EngineerPAL Consultants Co., Ltd. (PALCON)INWEPF 4th Steering Meeting and Symposium July 5, 2007

  2. OBJECTIVES OF PAPER TO PRESENT :  Overall Picture of Water Pollution Caused by Agricultural NPSs and Rice Farming in Thailand (by DPC)  Results ofTwo Case Studies (by PALCON for RID)  Recommended Guidelines for Management of Water Pollution from Agricultural NPSs

  3. 1. OVERALL PICTURE (by DPC)Agricultural Areas in Thailand in 2002 47.2 x 1.06 ha Upland Crops 18.9 % Paddy Fields 29.0 % 12.0 % Others 40.1 % Forests So, Paddy Fields Could be SignificantSources of Water Pollutants from ANPSs

  4. MAJOR POLLUTANTS CAUSEDBY ANPSs & RICE FARMING(by DPC)  Nitrogen  Phosphorus  Organic Matters (BOD)  Pesticides

  5. PERCENTAGES OF POLLUTANTS FROM PADDY FIELDS, 2002(by DPC) 53.26 49.12 40.97 Per Cent of Pollutants Caused by Paddy Fields 7.59 TN TP BOD Pesticides

  6. CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS FROM PADDY FIELDS (by DPC) • Considerably High Contents of Pollutants From Paddy Fields in Thailand

  7. 2. RESULTS OF CASE STUDIES 1) PRANBURI O&M PROJECT IN PRACHUAB KHIRI KHAN, SOUTHERNMOST PROVINCE OF CENTRAL THAILAND (2005) - Paddy Fields = 18.8%

  8. 2) MUNO AND PASEMUS O&M PROJECTS IN NARATHIWAS, A SOUTHERNMOST PROVINCE OF THAILAND (1998) - Sharing Same Main Canal - Paddy Fields = 51.0%

  9. Locations of Case – Study Projects Bangkok PrachuabKhiri Khan POMP MPOMPNarathiwas

  10. PRANBURI O&M PROJECT - Water Quality (WQ) Dry Season Irrigation Canal Drainage Canal 954 7.35 5.24 22 373 2.60 1.80 4.7 FCB(MPN/100 ml) EC (µs/cm) DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l)

  11. PRANBURI O&M PROJECT - Aquatic Biology (AB) Rainy Season Irrigation Canal Drainage Canal 861 6.20 533 3.54 2.05 0.47 Phytoplankton(106 cell/m3) Benthic Faunas(org./m3) Fish Standing Crop(kg/ha)

  12. MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS - Water Quality (WQ) Dry Season Irrigation Canal Drainage Canal 164 6.6 6.7 4.0 4.0 33 2.3 0.7 EC (µs/cm) DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) pH

  13. MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS - Aquatic Biology (AB) Dry Season Irrigation Canal Drainage Canal 176 17.3 132 7.2 4.27 1.86 Phytoplankton(106 cell/m3) Benthic Faunas(org./m3) Fish Standing Crop(kg/ha)

  14. CONCLUSIONS : 1) Water Pollution due to ANPSs Is Significant, and Will Become More Serious in Future 2) Paddy Fields Contribute Significant Pollutant Loads, esp. BOD, TP, TN, TDS, EC, Coliform Bacteria; with Pesticides to a Lesser Degree 3) Good Pollution Control Is Needed for ANPSs and Paddy Fields

  15. 3. GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF WATER POLLUTION FROM ANPSs COUNTRY’S GUIDELINES : - Agricultural Development Plan for 2002-2006 - Policy and Master Plan for Use of Pesticides • GAP (Appropriate Uses to Prevent Excessive and Untimely Uses to Minimize Residues) • Stringent Control of Import and Uses of Toxic Agrichemicals • Definite Management Programs/Projects/ Measures Need to Be Planned & Implemented

  16. RECOMMENDED WPM FOR ANPSs &PADDY FIELDS (1) FORMULATION OF POLICIES AND GUIDELINES  GAPs  GPMPs  Databases Preparation  Plan for Implementation of Definite WPM Programs/Projects/Measures  For Major River Basins, Sub-basins, Large Project Areas

  17. (2) PREPARATION OF GOOD DATABASES : INCLUDING  WQ, Aquatic Biology  Agri Practices (Use of Agrichemicals)  Pollution from Other Sources  Effects of Pollution on AB, Fisheries, etc.  Regular Updates

  18. (3) IMPLEMENTATION OF WPM PROGRAMS/PROJECTS/MEASURES BY USING LOCAL PARTICIPATORY METHOD : INVOLVING - Farmers, Farmers’ Groups and Networks - Local Agricultural Officials - Local Admin. Offices (PAOs, TAOs) - Educational Institutes Concerned

  19. (4) MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF WPM PROGRAMS - Performance of Participants - Performance of the Program - Recommending Program Improvements

  20. IMPROVEMENTS FORMULATION OF RECOMMENDED POLICIES & GUIDELINES IMPROVEMENTS WPM FOR DATABASES ANPSs GAPs, GPMPs LOCAL PARTICIPATION WPM Programs DATABASE PROGRESS UPDATE OF PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION DATABASE MONITORING UPDATE AND EVALATION

  21. Thank You

  22. PRANBURI O&M PROJECT - Water Quality (WQ)

  23. - Aquatic Biology (AB) There Are Adverse Effects of Pollution in Return Flows on WQ & AB

  24. MUNO AND PASEMUS PROJECTS - Water Quality

  25. - Aquatic Biology There are also Adverse Effects of Pollution in Return Flows on WQ and AB

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