* * Loanword * *

1. **Loanword** E2C 93121312 賴婷吟 93121319 林書宇 93121320 邱惠庭 93121326 劉佩詩 93121328 林琬芳 93121330 賴德純

2. *Loanword • A word is taken into one language from another with little or no translation. • 2.The word "loanword" originated from a calque of the German Lehnwort. • 3.Loanwords are typically far less than the "native" words in most languages . • 4. They are often widely known and used;For example, to provide a name for a new invention.

3. *Distinction between borrowing and inheriting Borrowing It is when words are added to a language from any language other than the ancestral language or, on the other hand, when words from one language are taken into another language. Inheriting The bulk of the vocabulary of a language is inherited from its ancestral language. The "native" words of the language, are not considered to have been borrowed.

4. *Classes of borrowed words *Certain classes of loanwords are more common: 1. Function words: Ex: pronouns, numbers, words referring to universal concepts,are usually not borrowed. 2. Exotic words: Words referring to exotic concepts or ideas are usually borrowed. What is "exotic" can vary from language to language.

5. *Beyond words Idiomatic expression and phrases, sometimes translated word-for-word, can be borrowed, usually from a language that has "prestige" at the time. Often, a borrowed idiom is used as a euphemism for a less polite term in the original language. In English, this has usually been Latinisms from the Latin language and Gallicisms from French.

6. *Loanwords in English English has many loanwords. In 1973, a computerised survey of about 80,000 words in the old Shorter Oxford Dictionary. Their estimates for the origin of English words were as follows: ＊French, including Old French and early Anglo-French: 28.3% ＊Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin: 28.24% ＊Germanic languages, including Old and Middle English: 25% ＊Greek: 5.32% ＊No etymology given or unknown: 4.03% ＊Derived from proper names: 3.28% ＊All other languages contributed less than 1%

7. *History of the English Loan Words: * Celtic: Celtic dialects(Welsh. Irish. Scots. Gaelic) example: flannel, clan, slogan, whisky… *Angles, Saxons, Jutes: Germanic dialects * Normans: French (commercial. social. cultural matters. ) * Scandinavian raiders (Old Norse):pronouns(they, their, them) *Renaissance: learned words from Greek and Latin words. From Greek:drama, tragedy, botany, physics, zoology, atomic From Latin:bonus, scientific, exit, alumnus, quorum, describe

8. *Loanwords in English This survey shows no information about the frequency of words, however. If the frequency of words is considered, words from Old and Middle English occupy the vast majority. The reasons for English's vast borrowing include: 1.The invasion of England by the Vikings and the Normans; 2.Its modern importance; 3.Its being a scientific language; 4.Its development as a trade language in the 18th century; 5.The flexibility of its syllable structure.

9. *Loanwords of English: 1.From Dutch:about shipping Buoy 救生圈 freight 貨物 leak 漏 pump yacht 快艇 2.From German: quartz 石英 cobalt 鈷 3.From Italian:musical terms… opera piano virtuoso 大師 balcony 包廂 influenza 流感 4.From Arabic: alcohol algebra代數學 cipher密碼 zero 5.From Spanish: barbecue, cockroach蟑螂 ranch California

10. 6.From Japanese sushi 壽司 tofu 豆腐 shiitake 香菇 enoki 金針菇 manga 漫畫 tsunami 海嘯 geisha 藝妓 7.From Korean kimchi 泡菜 tae kwon do 跆拳道 8.From Chinese kung-fu 功夫 feng-shui 風水 tea 茶 gi 氣 cheongsam 旗袍 ketchup 番茄醬 typhoon 颱風 9.From Latin alter ego 知己 cf.= compare 參照 et cetera (etc.) 等等 in situ 在原處地 exotica異國的奇珍異寶 inter alia 尤其是 10.From French gratin 焗 bijou 精緻小巧的東 denouement 結局 chic 時髦的 11.From Yiddish yenta 長舌婦 lox 燻鮭魚 bagel schmo 傻瓜

11. Loan translations: Loan translations are compound words or expressions whose parts are translated literally into the borrowing language. Examples: 1. Marriage of convenience--- mariage de convenance 2. Hot dog--- perros calientes adjustment reversing the order of the adjective and noun, as required by the rules of Spanish syntax.

12. *Loanwords in Chinese: To my knowledge we use the foreign word to have two kinds of situations , does not have this words for our Chinese . It is been for statement of Chinese in two smoothly, (or not the getting cooler more enough) . Ex: humor 幽默 raser 雷射 chocolate 巧克力 pudding 布丁 hamburger 漢堡 champagne 香檳 series 系列neon 霓虹燈 model 模特兒 sofa 沙發 motorcycle 摩托車 sauna 三溫暖 golf 高爾夫球 poker 撲克牌 shock 休克T-shirt T恤 meter 米達尺 cartoon 卡通 boycott 杯葛romance 羅曼史 shangrila 香格里拉 (人間的理想樂園) ham 洋火腿 lighter 打火機 auto bike 機車 screw-driver 起子 tomato 番茄 camera 相機 battery 電池 truck 卡車 card 卡片 Nylon 尼龍 scooter 速克達 engine 引擎 handle-bar 方向盤