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Aspen Institute for Physics 02 Francis Halzen

Explore the high-energy cosmos and the mysteries of cosmic accelerators with insights from advanced astronomy technology and theoretical astrophysics. Learn about neutrino detectors, air shower arrays, and cosmic rays. Investigate the potential implications of TeV-scale gravity and the enigmatic origins of the highest-energy particles in the universe. Discover groundbreaking research on PeV neutrinos and the quest to unravel cosmic ray sources. Delve into the complexities of particle interactions and the unique challenges of astrophysical observations at extreme energies.

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Aspen Institute for Physics 02 Francis Halzen

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  1. Aspen Institute for Physics 02Francis Halzen the sky > 10 GeV photon energy < 10-14 cm wavelength > 108 TeV particles exist Fly’s Eye/Hires they should not more/better data arrays of air Cherenkov telescopes 104 km2 air shower arrays ~ km3 neutrino detectors

  2. Energy (eV) 1 TeV CMB Radio Visible GeV g-rays Flux

  3. With103 TeV energy, photons do not reach us from the edge of our galaxy because of their small mean free path in the microwave background. g + gCMB e++ e-

  4. n / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / TeV sources! cosmic rays

  5. Acceleration to 1021eV? ~102 Joules ~ 0.01 MGUT • dense regions with exceptional • gravitational force creating relativistic • flows of charged particles, e.g. • annihilating black holes/neutron stars • dense cores of exploding stars • supermassive black holes

  6. Cosmic Accelerators E ~ GcBR R ~ GM/c2 magnetic field energy E ~GBM mass boost factor

  7. Supernova shocks expanding in interstellar medium Crab nebula

  8. Active Galaxies: Jets 20 TeV gamma rays Higher energies obscured by IR light VLA image of Cygnus A

  9. Gamma Ray Burst

  10. E > 1019 eV ? E ~ GB M > ~ quasars G@ 1 B @ 103G M @109 Msun blasars 10 neutron stars G@ 1 B @ 1012G M @ Msun black holes . . grb  102 > ~ emit highest energy g’s!

  11. Particles > 1020 eV ? new astrophysics? • not protons • cannot reach us from cosmic accelerators • lint < 50 Mpc • no diffusion in magnetic fields • doublets, triplet • not photons • g+ Bearth e+ + e- not seen • showers not muon-poor • not neutrinos • snp 10-5spp no air showers trouble for top-down scenarios snpspp with TeV - gravity unitarity?

  12. Particles > 1020 eV ? new astrophysics? • not protons • cannot reach us from cosmic accelerators • lint < 50 Mpc • no diffusion in magnetic fields • doublets, triplet • not photons • g+ Bearth e+ + e- not seen • showers not muon-poor • not neutrinos • snp 10-5spp no air showers trouble for top-down scenarios snpspp with TeV - gravity unitarity?

  13. TeV-Scale Gravity Modifies PeV Neutrino Cross Sections! 103 TeV

  14. The Oldest Problem in Astronomy: • No accelerator • No particle candidate (worse than dark matter!) • Not photons (excludes extravagant particle physics ideas) What Now?

  15. black hole radiation enveloping black hole

  16. neutrinos associates with the source of the cosmic rays? even neutrons do not escape neutrons escape

  17. Radiation field: Ask astronomers Produces cosmic ray beam

  18. neutrinos associates with the source of the cosmic rays? even neutrons do not escape neutrons escape

  19. Infrequently, a cosmic neutrino is captured in the ice, i.e. the neutrino interacts with an ice nucleus • In the crash a muon (or electron, • or tau) is produced Cherenkov light cone muon interaction Detector • The muon radiates blue light in its wake • Optical sensors capture (and map) the light neutrino

  20. Optical Module Photomultiplier: 10 inch Hamamatsu Active PMT base Glass sphere: Nautillus Mu metal magnetic shield

  21. Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station South Pole

  22. Optical sensor The Counting House

  23. 1.5 km

  24. Neutrino sky seen by AMANDA • Monte Carlo methods verified on data • ~ 300 neutrinos from 130 days of B-10 operation(Nature 410, 441, 2001) events Cos()

  25. Atmospheric Muons and Neutrinos

  26. Method: Assume a diffuse neutrino flux (Hypothesis), e.g.: dN/dE = 10-5*E-2/(cm2 sec GeV) The background is the atmospheric neutrino flux (after quality cuts): ≈ 200 events Apply energy cut. Search for a diffuse n-flux of astrophysical sources Preliminary

  27. Compare to Mrk 501 gamma rays Field of view:Continuous 2 p ster ! AMANDA limit B10 1year only Sensitivity of 3 years of IceCube

  28. AMANDA II - the full detector 120m horizontal neutrino detection possible

  29. ...online 2001 analysis 2 recent events: October 1, 2001 October 10, 2001

  30. ...online 2001 analysis Zenith angle comparison with signal MC real-time filtering at Pole real-time processing (Mainz) Left plot:  20 days (Sept/Oct 2001)  90 candidates above 100° atmospheric muons atmospheric ‘s 4.5 candidates / day (data/MC normalized above 100°)

  31. Data MC AMANDA II first look (16 days) Zenith angle distribution MC energy  up to now 10% of 2000 data analysed  after cuts about 5  per day  cut efficiency improved from AMANDA B10by 3-5 Average energy ~ 0.3 TeV

  32. AMANDA: Proof of Concept • since 1992 we have deployed 24strings with more than 750photon detectors (basically 8-inch photomultipliers). • R&D detector for proof of concept: 375 times SuperK instrumented volume with 1.5% the total photocathode area. • IceCube: 45 times AMANDA II instrumented volume with 7 times the total photocathode area.

  33. AMANDA: Proof of Concept • 80 modules: first nus, Astropart. Phys. 13, 1, 2000 • 302 modules: 97 atmospheric neutrino analysis published; 98, 99 data analysis in progress (1-2 neutrinos per day). • 677 modules: 01, 02 data analysis in progress (>5 neutrino events per day despite higher threshold)-- scaling of detector verified! • Daily nus: extract neutrinos from daily satellite transmissions.

  34. IceTop AMANDA South Pole Skiway 1400 m 2400 m IceCube • 80 Strings • 4800 PMT • Instrumented volume: 1 km3 (1 Gt) • IceCube is designed to detect neutrinos of all flavors at energies from 107 eV (SN) to 1020 eV

  35. South Pole

  36. South Pole Dark sector Skiway AMANDA Dome IceCube Planned Location 1 km east

  37. South Pole Dark sector Skiway AMANDA Dome IceCube

  38. µ-event in IceCube300 atmospheric neutrinos per day AMANDAII IceCube: --> Larger telescope --> Superior detector 1 km

  39. WIMPs from the Sun with IceCube • Ice3 will significantly improve the sensitivity. • Sensitivity comparable to GENIUS,… J. Edsjö, 2000

  40. Muon Events Eµ= 6 PeV Eµ= 10 TeV Measure energy by counting the number of fired PMT. (This is a very simple but robust method)

  41. ne+ e W m+ nm 6400 TeV

  42. Cascade event Energy = 375 TeV ne + N --> e- + X • The length of the actual cascade, ≈ 10 m, is small compared to the spacing of sensors • roughly spherical density distribution of light • 1 PeV ≈ 500 m diameter • Local energy deposition = good energy resolution of neutrino energy

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