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HBS ECA. Unit 1: Identity. Directional Terms. General, directional terms are grouped in pairs of opposites based on the standard position. Superior and inferior . Superior means above, inferior means below. The elbow is superior (above) to the hand. The foot is inferior (below) to the knee.
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Directional Terms General, directional terms are grouped in pairs of opposites based on the standard position. • Superior and inferior. Superior means above, inferior means below. The elbow is superior (above) to the hand. The foot is inferior (below) to the knee. • Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal). Anterior means toward the front (chest side) of the body, posterior means toward the back. • Medial and Lateral. Medial means toward the midline of the body, lateral means away from the midline. • Proximal and distal. Proximal means closest to the point of origin or trunk of the body, distal means farthest. Often used when describing arms and legs. If you were describing the shin bone, the proximal end would be the end close to the knee and the distal end would be the end close to the foot. • Superficial and deep. Superficial means toward the body surface, deep means farthest from the body surface.
Regional Terms • Lumbar: Lower spine • o Nasal: Nose • o Occipital: Back of head • o Olecranal: Behind the elbow joint • o Oral: Mouth • o Orbital: Eye • o Patellar: Knee • o Pelvic: Pelvis • o Popliteal: Back of knee • o Sacral: area of spine containing sacrum and coccyx • o Scapular: Shoulders • o Sternal: Breast Bone • o Tarsal: Ankle • o Thoracic: Chest/Upper back • o Umbilical: Belly button • o Vertebral : Back • o Abdominal: Abdomen • o Antecubital: Front of Elbow • o Axillary: Armpit • o Brachial: Arm • o Buccal: Cheek • o Calcaneal : Heal • o Carpal: Wrist • o Cephalic: Head • o Cervical: Neck • o Coxal: Hip • o Digital: Fingers • o Femoral: Thigh • o Gluteal: Buttocks • o Inguinal: Groin
Tissues Epithelial tissues • are widespread throughout the body • they form the covering of all body surfaces, • line body cavities and hollow organs • are the major tissue in glands • perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception
Connective tissues • bind structures together • form a framework • support for organs and the body as a whole • store fat • transport substances • protect against disease • help repair tissue damage
Muscle Tissue • composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts • highly cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels • the cells are long and slender so they are sometimes called muscle fibers • are usually arranged in bundles or layers that are surrounded by connective tissue • Actin and myosin are contractile proteins in muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue • found in the brain, spinal cord, and • nerves • responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities • stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning • cells in nervous tissue need to be able to communicate with each other by way of electrical nerve impulses
Using Bone Features for Identity • Specialists called forensic anthropologists are trained to analyze the secrets locked in a bone’s shape and structure and can use this information to help solve crimes, trace human origins, or identify those who have gone missing. • Forensic anthropologists use a combination of quantitative and qualitative measures to predict traits from bone. • Anthropologists can help identify a deceased from his or her skeletal remains bearing characteristics of ancestry, sex, stature, age and trauma.
Using Bone Features for Identity • Sex: Pelvis, skull, femur, tibia, humerus • Race: Skull • Height: femur, tibia, humerus, • Age: pelvis, femur, tibia, humerus
Features of the Skull Used in Race Determination Nasal index: The ratio of the width to the height of the nose, multiplied by 100 Nasal Spine Feel the base of the nasal cavity, on either side of the nasal spine – you will feel sharp ridges (nasal silling), rounded ridges, or no ridges at all (nasal guttering) Prognathism: extent of lower jaw Shape of eye orbits (round or square Nasal spine
Height/Stature • Long Bones
PCR • http://www.maxanim.com/genetics/PCR/PCR.htm
If I broke my femur at the greater trochanter, would that be a distal or proximal femur fracture? • What bone is located medial to the ribs and inferior to the clavicle?
CNS and PNS • Central nervous system: composed of the brain and spinal cord. Your brain and spinal cord serve as the main "processing center" for the entire nervous system, and control all the workings of your body. • Peripheral nervous system: The portion of the nervous system that is outside the brain and spinal cord. Connects and sends messages to CNS.
Brain Regions • Occipital lobe: processes vision • Temporal lobe: processes language • Parietal lobe: processes touch (hands, fingers, face, lips) • Frontal lobe: specialized in planning and voluntary movement, paying attention, interpreting our emotions and social situations • Cerebral cortex: houses the four lobes of the brain; two hemispheres; most complex thinking: remembering an interpreting emotions • Limbic system :satisfying biological needs, reproduction, and emotion, memory
Hypothalamus: hunger, thirst, sex drive • Pituitary gland: cycles of consciousness thalamus processes all sensory information to cerebral cortex • Hippocampus: formation and storage of new memories • Amygdala : processes associations between unpleasant emotions and memory for those emotions • Basal ganglia: group of neurons working together to help plan and produce movement (Parkinson's) • Medulla : controls basic autonomic functions like circulation, breathing, digestion • Pons: relay station from hindbrain to cerebral cortex • Cerebellum: coordination of motor function • Brainstem : lowest part of brain; basics of life support, and neurons that control sensory/motor skills
Neurons • Sensory neuron: a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord • Association neuron: neurons found in the brain and spinal cord that conduct impulses between neurons • Motor neuron: a neuron that conveys impulses from the central nervous system to a muscle, gland, or other effector tissue
Dendrite Axon Terminals Node of Ranvier Cell Body Axon Schwann Cells Myelin Sheath Nucleus
Action Potential Resting Potential
Return to Resting Potential Na+/K+ pump
Hormones • Any one of the many circulating chemical signals found in all multicellular organisms that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and coordinate the various parts of the organism by interacting with target cells. • Hormones are secreted by tissues in the body referred to as glands. • Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream while exocrine glands secrete hormones into ducts, or passageways, before they reach their target. • The endocrine system, works with the nervous system to regulate and control all the actions of the human machine.
Endocrine System • Endocrine System : The glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions, help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity, and include especially the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, islets of Langerhans, ovaries, and testes. • Endocrine Gland : A gland (as the thyroid or the pituitary) that produces an endocrine secretion -- called also ductless gland,gland of internal secretion. • Exocrine Gland : A gland (as a sweat gland, a salivary gland, or a kidney) that releases a secretion external to or at the surface of an organ by means of a canal or duct. • Glucagon : A protein hormone that is produced especially by the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and that promotes an increase in the sugar content of the blood by increasing the rate of breakdown of glycogen in the liver. • Insulin :A vertebrate hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of glycogen in the liver.
Endocrine System Cont. • Hypothalamus : The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors, which regulate the anterior pituitary. • Pituitary gland : An endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus; consists of a posterior lobe, which stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus, and an anterior lobe, which produces and secretes many hormones that regulate diverse body functions.
Hormone Imbalance and Feedback Loops • Negative feedback loop - The body senses an internal change and activates mechanisms that reverse, or negate, that change. • body temperature regulation • Positive feedback loop - a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that accelerate or increase that change • blood clotting
