MIDYEAR REVIEW!

1. MIDYEAR REVIEW!

3. Narcotics

4. Stimulants

5. Hallucinogenics

6. Mind-Body Problem Near-death experiences raise the mind-body issue. Can the mind survive the dying body? Dualism:Dualists believe that mind (non-physical) and body (physical) are two distinct entities that interact. Hippocrates Monism:Monists believe that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing. Aristotle 6

7. HISTORICAL ORIGINS -Charles Darwin (1809-1882) -Origin of the Species introduces theories of natural selection and evolution - his ideas will give rise to the evolutionary approach to psychology

8. WAVE ONE: Introspection

9. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE IS BORN Wilhelm Wundt’s –credited as the father of scientific psychology -uses methods of introspection to explore the human mind Mind combines subjective emotions with objective sensations Titchner- school of Structuralism

11. William James • Rejects structuralism • Functionalism- focuses on the evolved function of mental and behavioral processes

12. WAVE TWO: Gestalt Psychology

13. Gestalt Psychology • Max Wertheimer- examines total experience • The whole is different from the sum of the parts • Consciousness can only be studied holistically

14. WAVE THREE: Psychodynamic

15. Psychodynamic Approach • Sigmund Freud (1856- • 1939) is the founder • Unconscious thought is • in conflict with conscious • behavior • Defense mechanisms- • repress unconscious

16. Psychodynamic Approach Psychoanalysis Free Association Dream Interpretation

17. WAVE Four: Behaviorism

18. Behavioral Approach • John B Watson (late 1800’s) founder of Behaviorism • Believes any behavior can be shaped and controlled • “Nurture”- we are born a blank slate • Rejects study of consciousness • Skinner and Pavlov- behaviorists

19. Contemporary Approaches and Methods

20. Biological Approach • Psychobiology- assumes mind and body are interrelated • Sociobiological/Evolutionary- Influenced by Darwin • Influenced by Evolutionary Theory

21. Cognitive Approach • Receiving, storing, and processing information • Serial and Paralleling Processing

22. Cognitive Approach • Natural Science • Serial Processing- step-by-step processing of information • Parallel Processing- many stimuli processed simultaneously • http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/15.php

23. Humanist Approach • Emphasizes the potential for individual growth and self-awareness • Carl Rogers- focuses ones • self-concept, or how a person • defines their own reality • -Mazlow- Self-concept is a strive for • self-actualization

24. Humanist Approach

25. Hindsight Bias The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

26. Subfields of Psychology Basic Psychology- research Applied Psychology- research put into practice as therapist Psychiatry- a medical field- deals with mental disorders- prescribe medication

27. There are three main types of research methods in psychology: Descriptive Correlational Experimental

28. Descriptive Study: Case Study- psychologists study one individual in great depth in hopes of revealing universal principles

29. Case Study Pros Detailed information Unusual Cases Inexpensive Few ethical considerations

30. The Problem with the Case Study: An individual may be atypical Cannot generalize results Difficult to Manipulate Variables Difficult to quantify data

31. Naturalistic Observation Observe subjects in natural habitats without interacting

32. Naturalistic Observation

33. Survey Method Relies on questions answered by a group of people in interviews or questionnaires

34. Survey Method Experimenter must identify the population to study Random sampling picking members from a population randomly to ensure a representative sample

35. Survey Method

36. Wording Effects Poorly worded questions, order of choices In a study by AMNH, 88% of all respondents said that they were interested in plants and trees, but only 39% said they were interested in botany.

37. Correlational Studies Correlational studies assess the association between two or more characteristics of interest without ascribing causes Is a correlational study an experiment?

38. Correlation coefficient Example: R= + .37

39. Correlational Studies

40. Correlational Studies

41. Illusory Correlation When we believe there is a relationship between two things, we are likely to notice and recall instances that confirm our belief

42. Research Methods

43. Experimental Method Researcher manipulates one variable (independent variable) and observes the effect on another variable (dependent variable)

44. Confounding variable: external differences between the experimental group and the control group

45. Confounding Variables 1) Placebo Effect experimental results caused by expectations alone

46. Confounding Variables Demand Characteristics- participants form an interpretation of the experiment's purpose and unconsciously change their behavior accordingly

47. How can we control for confounding variables?

48. How can we control for confounding variables? 1) Random Assignment method of assigning subjects to groups to minimize pre-existing differences between those groups This is an example of Between subjects design: Participants in the experimental and control group are different individuals

49. How can be control for confounding variables? 2) Within subjects design Technique where subjects serve as control and experimental group.

50. Confounding Variables Experimenter bias- researcher’s expectations about the outcome of a study influence the results Q: How can we eliminate experimenter bias?