Dr. Joseph Ciarrochi, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong

1. The ImPActS model of principled living: Measuring the extent that people view principles to be Important, Pressured by others, Activated, and Successfully engaged. Dr. Joseph Ciarrochi, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong Contributors to the research reviewed in this presentation Jess Frearson Kate Williams Stephenie Veage Natalie Stefanic Peter Leeson Patrick Heaven

2. Core hypothesis 1 Human happiness and vitality will be determined by four components of valued living Importance—What people find to be important and unimportantPressure from others –to what extent do people feel their principles are driven by what others want?Activation—How many principles do people put into play in life?Successfully engagement—Are people successfully living their principles?

3. The ImPActS intervention model

5. Measuring and using principles in therapy ACT intervention Survey of Life Principles • Card sorting task • Life in general • Work • SLP guides clinical focus SLP as an outcome measure, focusing on valued activity instead of symptoms

6. Past research in principles • Values work (Schwartz, et al., Rokeach et al.). • What is most important to you? • Are there Universal values? • Personal strivings (Sheldon, Emmons, Deci). • What do you strive for • Why do you strive? Is it for authentic or controlled reasons? • We will call both of these “guiding principles” for ease of reference

7. Recasting Self-Determination Theory in behavioural terms. Pliance Tracking Deci and Ryban, 2000, psychological science

8. Research on values

9. The structure of values (Schwarz)

10. Methods

11. SLP content • The SLP seeks to capture all the dimensions in the Schwarz circumplex. • It also sought to expand the range of items to include principles related to career, health, experiential control, sexuality, and other important domains. • Items focus on what could personally be put into play • “Creating beauty” instead of “A world of beauty” • Items have a verb focus, in keeping with the ACT notion that values are patterns of behavior that are never permanently realized.

12. SLP rating scales Go beyond importance scale used in values research Importance Pressure Activity Success

13. N1 = 300 University sample N2= 240 adolescents in Grade 12

14. Top 10 most important values

15. Top 10 most pressured values

16. Top 10 most successful values

17. Top 10 failures Note: Failure index= Importance – success.

18. Does the SLP cover important domains? As expected, SLP importance scale correlates in expected ways to well-accepted Schwarz value measure (Williams and Ciarrochi, 2009). We will be assessing whether it correlates with key dimensions on a job interest survey

19. Does the SLP cover important domains? SLP and personality (Steph Veage thesis). If the SLP has comprehensive coverage, then it should be able to distinguish between types of personality Grade 12 high school students; n = 240

22. Other findings Neurotics tend to feel more external pressure to put their principles into play, and are less successful at their principles Neurotics feel they are much worse at experiential control Agreeable and C look similar in achievement motivation. However, C are more successful at achievement (both lasting and conscientious)

23. SLP relations to well-being 300 University Students • We focused on variables of interest to clinicians: e.g., measures of emotional well-being, psychological well-being, social support, and relationship satisfaction

24. We observed four patterns between principles and well-being 1) Happy people find the principle to be important and tend to be successful at it (relationship principles, stimulation principles, hedonism, health, achievement) 2) Happy people were indifferent to the principle or found it unappealing, but nevertheless were somewhat more successful at it (power) 3) Happy people do not find the principle to be particularly important but nevertheless succeed at it. (sex) 4) Happy people do not find the principle to be particularly important, nor do they succeed at it. (being wealthy, tradition principles, security principles, conformity principles)

25. Importance and success  well-being

26. The Link between principle importance and three forms of well-being

27. The Link between principle success and three forms of well-being

28. Power principles People who valued power tended to be more hostile. If these people were in an intimate relationship, their partner tended to be less satisfied in the relationship

29. Sex principles Valuing sex was unrelated to well-being But getting sex was related to emotional, psychological, and social well-being

30. Emotional control principle Most likely to be underachieved Valuing emotional control linked slightly to higher well-being Succeeding at emotional control tended to have the strongest correlate of all aspects of well-being

31. Correlation, causality, and a core ACT hypothesis When experiential control principles are inconsistent with important behavior-focused principles, you get the following:

33. Can the SLP substitute for well-being measures? • Positive affect = 41% variance explained by SLP • Hostility = 18% • Sadness = 28% • Autonomy = 30% • Positive relations with others = 43% • Purpose = 37% • Amount of social support = 9% • Satisfaction with social support = 18% • Relationship satisfaction = 8%

34. Using the SLP in ACT interventions

35. Importance ratings • What do clients value most? What is likely to be the focus of therapy • Principle themes. Social. Power. Art? Achievment • Look out for low importance ratings involving relationships, stimulation, hedonism, health, and achievement Likely intervention: Values clarification (see card sorting task)

36. Low principle Activity • Clients may endorse several principles as important, but state that they have not tried to put them into play. • What are the barriers to putting the principles into play? Likely interventions: acceptance, defusion, or overcoming practical barriers?

37. Dominance of experiential control items • High importance on experiential control dimension • Nothing inherently wrong with experiential control, unless in conflicts with other important principles Likely interventions: Creative hopelessness, acceptance

38. Presence of strong compliance pressure • Research suggests that pressured principles tend not to lead to vital living or well-being (Sheldon & Kasser, 1995) and tend to be associated with hostility and sadness (Ciarrochi, 2008). • Danger of contercompliance: In reaction to pressure, the client refuses to act according to the principle, or acts contrary to the principle

39. Presence of strong pressure: Interventions • Therapist behaviours: acting with humility in session, undermining your own authority, encouraging clients to not believe anything you say • Remove source of pressure. E.g., imagine nobody knew you were living the principle. Would you still live it? • Seek to identify past experience that was vital. E.g., sweet spot exercise. Connect their valued statements to this vital past

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